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IDENTIFICTION & MINIMIZATION

OF

HARMONICS

MR. MAYUR S HIWALE


HARMONICS

 Distortion Or Deviation Of Prefect Sinusoidal Waveform Is Called


HARMONICS

OR

 Currents Or Voltages With Frequencies That Are Integer


Multiples ( H=0,1,2,…N) Of The Fundamental Power Frequency
is HARMONICS

1st harmonic: 50Hz


2nd harmonic: 100Hz
3rd harmonic: 150Hz
CONCEPT
Imagine a power system with an AC source and an electrical load

Figure - Power System with AC source and electrical load

 Load are of two types linear load or non linear load

 Linear loads are induction motor, heaters and incandescent lamps etc.

 Non linear loads are electronic loads such as diode, thyristors, Fluorescent

lighting, converts etc.


 Type of Load affect the power quality.

Linear loads draw current that is sinusoidal in nature so they generally do


not distort the waveform as shown in figure 1

Figure 1: Ideal Sine wave (current drawn by linear load)


Non-linear loads, however, can draw current is not perfectly
sinusoidal (Figure ).

 Since the current waveform deviates from a sine wave, voltage


waveform distortions are created.

Figure 3: Distorted Waveform


Production of harmonics

 Power system harmonics: presenting deviations from a perfect

sinusoidal-waveform (voltage or current waveform).

 The distortion comes from a Nonlinearity caused by saturation,


electronic-switching and nonlinear electric loads,

Figure3 - production of harmonics


Why Bother about Harmonics?

50-60% of all electrical Ac Systems in INDIA operate with non-

linear type loads

Power-Quality-PQ Issues & Problems

Damage to Power Factor Correction capacitors

Waveform Distortion can create

SAG/SWELL/NOTCHING/RINGING

All can cause damage effects to consumer loads and power

systems due to Over-Current/Over-Voltage or Waveform Distortion

Additional Power/Energy Los


Loads Producing Harmonic

Electronic lighting ballasts/Controls

Adjustable speed Motor-Drives

Electric Arc Welding Equipment

Solid state Industrial Rectifiers

Industrial Process Control Systems

Uninterruptible Power Supplies ( UPS )systems

Saturated Inductors/Transformers

LAN/Computer Networks
IDENTIFICATION OF HARMONIC IN SYSTEM

 Theoretical methods

 Harmonic Power Flow Direction Method

 Load Impedance Variation Method

 On-Line Impendence Measurement

 Neural Network Based Method

 Signal Processing Based Techniques


Analysis of harmonics
Calculation of THD

 Total harmonic distortion, or THD is a common measurement of the level

of harmonic distortion present in power systems.

 THD is defined as the ratio of total harmonics to the value at

fundamental frequency.

where Vn is the RMS voltage of nth harmonic and n = 1 is the


fundamental frequency
Effects of Harmonics
 Overheating and premature failure of distribution transformers

Increasing iron and copper losses or eddy currents due to stray

flux losses

 Overheating and mechanical oscillations in the motor-load system

Producing rotating magnitude field, which is opposite to the

fundamental magnitude field.

 Overheating and damage of neutral ground conductors

 Trouble sustained type Harmonics: 3rd, 9th, 15th …

 A 3-phase 4-wire system: single phase harmonic will add rather

than cancel on the neutral conductor


 Malfunction/Mal-Operation of Sensitive Tele-control and Protection
Relaying
 False or spurious Relay operations and trips of circuit breakers

 Failure of the Firing/Commutation circuits, found in DC motor-drives

and AC drives with silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR-Thyristor)

 Mal-Operation instability of voltage regulator


Power factor correction capacitor failure

Reactance (impedance)-Zc of a capacitor bank decreases as the

frequency increases.

Capacitor bank acts as a sink for higher harmonic currents.

The System-Series and parallel Resonance can cause dielectric

failure or rupture the power factor correction capacitor failure due to

Over-Voltages & Over-Currents.


Measuring Equipments for Harmonics
 Digital Oscilloscope:
Wave shape, THD and Amplitude of each harmonic
 True RMS Multi-Meter:
Giving correct readings for distortion-free sine waves and typically
reading low when the current waveform is distorted

Figure 4: “True RMS” Multi-Meter


Minimization of harmonics

 L-C Filter

An L-C filter consists of a capacitor bank and an induction coil. The filter is

designed or tuned to the predetermined non-linear load and to filter a

predetermined harmonic frequency range. This is connected in parallel to

the non-linear load with the objective of filtering the major harmonics

generated by the non-linear load. This application is mostly used when

specified for a UPS or variable frequency drive motor in a manufacturing

plant.
 Active Power Filter

The active power filter (AFP) is a device that is connected in system to


cancels the reactive and harmonic currents from a group of nonlinear loads
so that the resulting total current drawn from the ac main is sinusoidal.
Ideally, the APF needs to generate just enough reactive and harmonic current
to compensate the nonlinear loads in the line, thus it handles only a fraction
of the total power to the17 load.
The performance of this active power filter depends on the inverter
topologies and the PWM control method .Therefore, the suitable device in
developing the AFP is “Pulse Width Modulated (PWM)” inverter by using
IGBT or MOSFET devices. There are two kinds for active power filter such as
series and shunt filters.
 Phase Shifting
A harmonic minimizing using transformer is a new power quality product
for minimizing harmonic problems in electrical distribution systems.
This type of transformer has patented built-in electromagnetic
technology designed to remove the most harmful harmonics from the 3rd
through 21st.
The technique used in these transformers is call phase shifting . These
transformers can be used to reduce existing harmonics in line current
system. This same application can be designed into new construction to
prevent future harmonics problems.
Conclusion

The harmonic distortion principally comes from Nonlinear-Type Loads.

The application of power electronics is causing increased level of

harmonics due to Switching!!

Harmonic distortion can cause serious Failure/Damage problems.

Harmonics are important aspect of power operation that requires

Mitigation!!

Over-Sizing and Power Filtering methods are commonly used to limit

Overheating Effects of Sustained Harmonics.

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