03.WCDMA Antenna System

RAS SYSTEM
WCDMA Antenna System
For internal use

2 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Objectives
After completing this learning element, the participant will be able to:
• Identify the NSN WCDMA antenna system elements and features
• Describe briefly the role of Mast Head Amplifier (MHA)
• Describe briefly co-siting aspects
• Explain functionality of NSN RealTilt
• Explain functionality of Advance Indoor Radio
For internal use

NSN antenna products
Indoor
V-pol
(Multi Band)
Single Broad band

V-pol or X-pol
Dual Band Triple Band 2x Broad Band
V-pol or X-pol X-pol X-pol
(SRC) 3-Sector Pipe Omni
X-pol V-pol
(3x Broad Band) (Single Band)
For internal use

Horizontal beam width (1/2)
General antenna parameters include:
• Gain, beam width (horizontal/vertical).
• Frequency band.
• Diversity techniques, tilting features,
size.
The comparision between different
antenna horizontal beam widths.
• 65°
• 90°
• 120°
• 360° (Omni-dir.)
The width of the main lobe is expressed
as half-power (-3 dB) beam width
(HPBW).
Beam width between first nulls (BWFN)
For internal use

Horizontal beam width (2/2)
3-sectored/65°
Horizontal beam width is an important parameter that affects the
radio performance.
• Dominance areas.
• SHO / softer HO probability. Service probability =
• Own cell interference. coverage and capacity
• Other cell interference. 6-sectored/65°
Typically, selection of the antenna with respect to the horizontal

beam width is made according to planned sector configuration at
base station sites.
• 3-sectored with 90° antennas.
6-sectored/33°
Cell dominance area
SHO
Softer HO
For internal use

V-pol versus X-pol design
• The radio transmission losses are minimized if transmit and receive antennas have the
same spatial orientation, same polarization, and the same axial ratio.
• The initial polarization of a radio wave is determined by the antenna.
• In propagation environments typical for cellular communications, vertically polarized
antennas are less affected by the reflections, (they can travel more distance with
minimum attenuation). 90° 65° 90°
65°
Vertically polarized antenna X-polarized antenna

- One feeder connector per antenna. - Dipoles slanted +/- 45°  X shape.
- Two feeder connectors per antenna.
For internal use

Dual band antenna
Separate radiation elements for the 806-960

MHz and the 1710-2170 MHz band.
The “1710-2170 MHz” dipoles interlocked “1710-2170MHz“
between the “806-960 MHz” dipoles.
Vertical dipole spacing one wave length.
• Higher number of “1710-2170 MHz” dipoles. “806-960 MHz“
• Higher gain.
Two feeder connectors per frequency band:
• 4 connectors per antenna
806-960 MHz (-45°) (+45°) 806-960 MHz
1710-2170MHz (-45°) (+45°) 1710-2170MHz
For internal use

Mechanical down tilt
• Widely used in existing cellular networks

• Efficient method to control inter-cell interference (to increase
the system capacity)
• Mechanical down tilt causes deformation in the horizontal
pattern
• For a complete installation clamps or a clamp set is required
Mechanical Down tilt
Down tilt kit angle
increased.
Down tilts only the

main lobe.
Clamp set Clamp

Deformation of the horizontal
For internal use
pattern.
Adjustable electrical down tilt
• The adjustable tilt antennas can be tuned manually or remotely

• Phase shifters provide variable phase distribution, which in turn keeps the
pattern shape constant
• Adjustable tilt range depends on the antenna type
• Maximum tilt range today is approx. 0-14°
Affects the coverage

Manual use Remote use (and interference) in
all directions.
Horizontal pattern
remains constant.
For internal use

Remotely adjustable electrical down tilt angle
Application of RET (remote-controlled electrical down tilt) helps significantly in

topology optimization in a changing environment and traffic requirements.
Two modes of remotely adjustable down tilt angle:
• Slow rate mode
– Helps in topology optimization during network evolution.
– Cell-by-cell optimization.
– Handled from BTS Element Manager or the network management system NetAct.
– NSN RealTilt System.
• Fast rate mode
– Continuously adjusted down tilt based on the adaptation algorithm.
– Tilt angle changes according to the user distribution (day time in some cases).
– The algorithm utilizes position information of the mobiles in the cell area (if location
techniques are deployed) or estimates users distribution from the reported statistics
(RSCP, uplink transmit power, etc.)
For internal use

NSN RealTilt
NSN RealTilt is a fully integrated solution
BTS
which enables the optimization of WCDMA Manager,
networks by adjusting the antenna tilt NetAct
angle. It provides: 0º tilt
• Full control of adjustable tilt antennas from

BTS Element Manager or the network 14º tilt
management system NetAct.
• The NSN RealTilt Control Unit supports other
vendors adjustable tilt antennas (as Kathrein,
Powerwave and Andrew).
• NSN RealTilt system is compliant with the O&M data
AISG (Antenna Interface Standard Group)
specification.
For internal use

NSN RealTilt products
The NSN specific Control Unit (RCUA) includes NSN proprietary SW.
The Tilt Adjuster (RTAA), can in the future include NSN specific SW.
All other RealTilt items are standard products from the manufacturer:
• Lightning Protection (RLPA) and Splitter (RSAA).
• Smart Bias-T (RSBA and RSMA), when using the feeder line as a
”control” cable.
• Control cables (DC-power and signalling).
• Grounding Clamp (RGCA).
For internal use

NSN RealTilt system
Antenna
RCUA – RealTilt Control Unit. Max. 12
RTAA
RTAAs can be controlled by one RCUA.
RSAA
RTAA – RealTilt Electrical Tilt Adjuster.
O&M Center
RSAA – A 1:3 splitter when more than one RGCA

RTAA is to be controlled by the RCUA and if
the daisy-chain (a cable directly from RTAA
to RTAA) option is not used. Control Cable
Control Cables required for feeding the

power and the control signal to the RTAA’s. RCUA
RLPA
As an option also Smart Bias-T’s (power
and control signal via the feeder line) can be
used.
Feeder cables
BTS
For internal use

Flexi WCDMA BTS 3GPP Antenna Tilt Support
• Antenna Tilt is integrated to the RF

3GPP Antenna Tilt
module of Flexi BTS.
• It feeds DC power to the antenna and
controls the antenna tilting. 0º tilt
• Remote Electrical Tilting is
standardised in the following
14º tilt
specification
– 3GPP TS25.460 DC Power feeding
– 3GPP TS25.461
– 3GPP TS25.462
– 3GPP TS25.463
– 3GPP TS25.466 Integrated RET
support on RF
Module
For internal use

Feeder cables
• Feeder cable (or simply feeder) is the element that provides connection for
transmitting signal between the antenna and base station transceiver unit.
• Feeder cables are characterized by the signal attenuation (cable loss), which
depends on the feeder diameter and the signal frequency.
• The special case of a feeder cable is a radiating cable also called leaky feeder.
– A radiating cable contains small holes or groove in the outer conductor of coaxial
cable, such that the signal leaks in a controlled way from the feeder cable.
• Example of typical cable losses in dB per 100 m
Frequency
900 MHz 1800 MHz 2100MHz
Diameter
3/8” 10 15 16
1/2” 6.5 9.8 10.8
7/8” 3.7 5.5 6.2
For internal use

Jumpers and connectors
• Jumpers are needed to provide connection between

the feeder cable to the transmission equipment and
Antenna
to the antenna.
• In addition, jumpers are used in lead-ins through
some locations, because of their flexibility.
• Typically, jumper losses are negligible (fraction of dB)
due to very short length (< 1 m). Feeder
• Connector losses are usually quite small
below 0.05 dB per connector
Base station
Jumper cable
For internal use
WCDMA mast head amplifier
• Reduces system noise figure.

• Increases uplink capacity (nominal RX band gain 12 dB).
– However, in downlink-limited environment, it can affect further
decrease of cell capacity by attracting new uplink connections.
• Compensates for feeder and combiner losses in the uplink
direction, increases coverage in sites where antennas are in very
high positions and the feeder lines are long.
• Reduces interference caused by non-WCDMA users.
• Allows mobiles to reduce transmission power level.
• IP65.
• 7/16 connectors.
• +8 V DC powered by Bias Tee. Antenna jumpers
MHA
Feeder connection
For internal use

NSN WCDMA mast head amplifier(MHA) versions
• Versions:
• WMHA
– single MHA
– 12 dB gain
• WMHB
– Dual MHA
– 2 single MHAs in one mounting frame
– 12 dB gain
• WMHC
– Dual MHA
– 2 MHA functionalities in a common enclosure
– 12 dB gain
For internal use

WMHD Mast Head Amplifier
• WMHD will have same size and RF-

performance as WMHC. It has
integrated RET bias-t with AISG
output connector and AISG support
• AISG, Antenna Interface Standard
Group
• Bias-T is integrated with Flexi
WCDMA RF Module
• Dual MHA
• 12 dB gain
For internal use

Flexi WCDMA BTS Mast Head RF Module 1.7/2.1 GHz
40W (WN 4.0)
• Flexi WCDMA BTS Mast Head RF Module can be used in various indoor and
outdoor installation options (such as wall, pole, and mast) and site applications
(mini, macro and distributed site solution). The form factor is with antenna shape.
For internal use

New WCDMA Flexi BTS variants (FRGJ/K) support ex-
Siemens TMA’s with RET (3GPP Antenna Tilt Support)
• New WCDMA Flexi BTS variants (FRGJ/K) will be used in 0º tilt

the installation cases with Siemens RET. Siemens TMA’s with
RET require AISG1.1 14º tilt
– FRGJ/K HW ramp-up planned from 04/2008 onwards

– FRGJ/K SW support ex-Siemens RET available in top of RAS06
(BTS release WN4.0 CD2), 06/2008
For internal use

Bias-T unit
• Gives power to MHA by

injecting DC power via
antenna coaxial cable
• Provides fault monitoring of
the antenna line VSWR and
MHA
• Provides RF isolation towards
the DC voltage supply and
DC isolation towards the BTS
• Can be installed also outdoor
For internal use

Diplexer / triplexer
• Used to combine / split the signals of different

frequencies / systems:
– GSM900 / WCDMA.
– GSM1800 / WCDMA.
– GSM900 / GSM1800 / WCDMA.
• Use of diplexers saves required feeder cables.
• Dual-band filters for each band provide the
necessary electrical isolation.
• DC blocks suppress DC in bands that are not
using MHA.
For internal use

DC stop
• Works together with Bias-T to prevent the

DC supply to MHA from shorting to ground
via the antenna or base station output /
input.
• Installed on diplexer port which is not
connected to a Bias-T or the MHA.
• Small compact design.
• Practical installation.
• Reliable connection designed to withstand
demanding environmental conditions, IP 65
design.
For internal use

Co-siting with GSM (1/2)
Shared Antenna lines with shared antennas
Without NSN Mast Head Amplifiers With NSN Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM/WCDMA Antenna
GSM/WCDMA Antenna NSN

Outdoor
Bias-T
PITA (Separate
DC feed
for additional
MHAs)
GSM/WCDMA
GSM/WCDMA Diplexer Units
Diplexer Units
DC-Stop
DC-Stop
NSN
1800 GSM BTS WCDMA BTS Bias-T
1800 GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
For internal use

Co-siting with GSM (2/2)
• Sharing antennas using broad

band, multi band, dual band, and
triple band antennas.
• Sharing feeder line using diplexer /
triplexer.
• Antenna system sharing can be full
or partial:
– Share antennas but
use separate feeders;
– Share feeder but use separate
antennas.
For internal use

Sameband Combiner
• Common feeders and antennas can

be used for GSM and UMTS systems
operating on the same system band.
• Only minor performance degradation
in GSM DL power
• Only slight performance degradation
in WCDMA DL power
• MHA will retain the UL performance, If
BTS will support an adjustable front
end gain (NSN Flexi WCDMA BTS
feature), the original sensitivity can be
maintained. Otherwise a slight
degradation of sensitivity
GSM900 WCDMA900
For internal use

Diversity techniques (1/2)
• Uplink performance (coverage and capacity)

can be improved by exploiting base station
antenna diversity techniques.
• The most common diversity methods:
– Space diversity;
– Polarization diversity.
• Practically, space diversity provides gain in all
environments, but it requires two antennas with
a minimum separation.
– Typical gain 2-3 dB when maximum ratio
combining is used by the receiver.
• Polarization diversity is implemented with
introduced cross-polar antenna (X-pol).
– Easier to implement than space diversity;
– The amount of multipath diversity affects the gain
of polarization diversity.
For internal use

Diversity techniques (2/2)
• Several strategies for combining of diversity

branch components:
– Selection combining (SeC).
– Maximum ratio combining (MRC).
– Equal gain combining (EGC).
– Switched combining (SwC).
• Advanced transmit diversity methods, included in 3GPP.

• Amplitudes and phases (weights) of the signals transmitted by diversity
antennas are adjusted such that they can be combined in-phase at the UE.
– Open-loop transmit diversity (base station does not have the information
about the quality of diversity branch signals received by the UE.
– Closed-loop transmit diversity (base station exploits channel state information
that is provided via feedback signalling).
For internal use

NSN advanced indoor radio (AIR)
NSN Advanced Indoor Radio is solution for 3GPP Local Area BTS applications with HSDPA
support for NSN WCDMA UltraSite platform.
Optical Unit does
not require linear Optical sectors and Optical Unit is part Optical Unit
power amplifier normal sectors are of BTS's internal supports up to 16
WPA or antenna allowed in different communication Remote Units.
filter WAF. combinations. system.
WCDMA BTS with Single mode WCDMA Remote External Indoor

WCDMA Optical Unit fibre, length Unit WRU with Antennas
WOU. up to 3 km. integrated (optional).
antenna.
Output pwr =15dBm
Directional
Tx Omni
Rx
AC Power Coaxial Cable
For internal use

Wideband optical unit (WOU)
For internal use

Wideband remote unit (WRU)
For internal use

AIR configuration
16 WRUs with one TRX, maximum coverage
TX1 WIC
WOM
WRU WRU
WTRB/D Rx1 WOU

main
WRU WRU
WRU
WRU
WRU
WOM
Rx1
div
1 cell
1 - 16 WRU’s / cell
For internal use


03.WCDMA Antenna System

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RAS SYSTEM

WCDMA Antenna System

For internal use

For internal use

Single Broad band

For internal use

For internal use

Typically, selection of the antenna with respect to the horizontal

For internal use

Vertically polarized antenna X-polarized antenna

For internal use

Separate radiation elements for the 806-960

806-960 MHz (-45°) (+45°) 806-960 MHz

1710-2170MHz (-45°) (+45°) 1710-2170MHz

For internal use

• Widely used in existing cellular networks

Down tilts only the

Clamp set Clamp

• The adjustable tilt antennas can be tuned manually or remotely

Affects the coverage

For internal use

Application of RET (remote-controlled electrical down tilt) helps significantly in

For internal use

• Full control of adjustable tilt antennas from

For internal use

• Lightning Protection (RLPA) and Splitter (RSAA).

• Control cables (DC-power and signalling).

• Grounding Clamp (RGCA).

For internal use

RSAA – A 1:3 splitter when more than one RGCA

Control Cables required for feeding the

For internal use

• Antenna Tilt is integrated to the RF

For internal use

For internal use

• Jumpers are needed to provide connection between

• Reduces system noise figure.

For internal use

For internal use

• WMHD will have same size and RF-

For internal use

For internal use

• New WCDMA Flexi BTS variants (FRGJ/K) will be used in 0º tilt

– FRGJ/K HW ramp-up planned from 04/2008 onwards

For internal use

• Gives power to MHA by

For internal use

• Used to combine / split the signals of different

For internal use

• Works together with Bias-T to prevent the

For internal use

GSM/WCDMA Antenna NSN

For internal use

• Sharing antennas using broad

For internal use

• Common feeders and antennas can

For internal use

• Uplink performance (coverage and capacity)

For internal use

• Several strategies for combining of diversity

• Advanced transmit diversity methods, included in 3GPP.

For internal use

WCDMA BTS with Single mode WCDMA Remote External Indoor

AC Power Coaxial Cable