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Networking
• Electromagnetic compatibility
– Electrostatic discharge (ESD) – An uncontrolled buildup of
electrical current
– Radio frequency interference (RFI) – A signal that causes
another device to operate improperly
– Electromagnetic interference (EMI) – interference
produced by electromechanical devices
• Solutions for electrical issues:
– EMI suppression filters
– Capacitors
– Inductors
– Line filters
– Shielding
– Ensuring proper humidity
• Personnel safety concerns and procedures
Network Equipment Building System
• Standard gauges
– 22 AWG – floor or wall cable
– 24 AWG – backbone and drop cable
– 26 AWG – drop cable and devices that pass data
between similar devices (daisy chaining)
• The EIA/TIA 568 standard is the most commonly
used for twisted pair cabling
IBM Cabling Standard
Crossover cabling –
allows two systems
to communicate
without the use of an
intermediary device,
such as an Ethernet
hub
WO O WG Be WBe G WBr Br
Serial Cable Termination
• Data terminating equipment (DTE) – a serial device
that transmits and receives data digitally
• Data communications equipment (DCE) – a device
that is attached to a communications line and is
capable of altering a signal in transit
• RS-232 – a standard that enables DTE and DCE
devices to communicate
• Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter
(UART) – translates parallel communication into
serial
• Additional ITU communication standards
– V.24 through V.90
PVC vs. Plenum Cabling
• Plenum – the space above a dropped ceiling or
behind a wall
• UTP or STP cables have a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
jacket (emits toxic gas when burned)
• When installing cable in a plenum:
– Encase UTP or STP cable in a protective metal
conduit
– Use plenum cabling (has a Teflon jacket that
inhibits burning)
Securing Equipment
• Multimeter
– Measures resistance, current and voltage in an
electrical circuit
Troubleshooting Tools (cont'd)
• Punchdown tool
– Inserts wires in 66 and 110 punchdown blocks
• Line tester
– Determines if a short exists in a line
• Laptop computer
– Connects to a telephony network and uses
packet sniffers to troubleshoot lines
• Additional devices
– ABS
– DTMF decoder
– Acoustic coupler
– Modular breakout adapter
Troubleshooting Analog Lines
• PBX and ground-start analog lines
– At the PBX, use a butt set to isolate crosstalk to
determine if the problem is within or outside the
building
• Securing connections with a punchdown tool
– Poorly closed connections or improperly set
lines can cause line noise
• Checking for line noise
– Use a digital multimeter to measure for AC
voltage
– AC voltage > 1 volt = improper grounding
Troubleshooting Digital Lines
• Improper clocking configuration
– Voice and data lines must be precisely
synchronized using the CO's PRS
– Use a butt set to check for improper clocking
• Check the Service Profile Identifier (SPID)
– No connection will occur if the SPID is missing
or incorrect
– SPID = area code + 7-digit phone number +
ISDN number
• Check for proper termination
• Be aware of different ISDN voice-encoding
standards
Troubleshooting Digital Lines (cont'd)
HDLC frame
Signaling System Seven (SS7)
(cont'd)
• SS7 elements:
– Service Switching Point (SSP)
– Signaling Transfer Point (STP)
– Service Control Point (SCP)
• SS7 message types:
– Initial Address Message (IAM)
– Address Complete Message (ACM)
– Answer Message (AM or ANM)
– Release Message (REL)
– Release Complete (RLC)
Computer-Telephone
Integration (CTI)