MARBLE

BY – ANANDITA RANA

-C
ADITI ARORA

SECTION
ANIRUDH AGGARWAL
ADITYA DEWAN
 WHAT IS MARBLE?

Marble is an extremely hard, metamorphic stone composed

of calcite (CaCO3). It is formed as a result of the
recrystallization of limestone under the intense pressure and
heat of geologic processes. The effect of this process is the
creation of a stone with a very tight crystalline structure and
small but definite porosity.
 PROPERTIES

Very few rocks have as many uses as marble. It is used

for its beauty in architecture and sculpture. It is used for its
chemical properties in pharmaceuticals and agriculture. It is
used for its optical properties in cosmetics, paint, and
paper. It is used because it is an abundant, low-cost
commodity in crushed stone prepared for construction
projects. Marble has many unique properties that make it a
valuable rock in many different industries
 ADVANTAGES

Marble can take a very high polish and is a very popular

decorative stone for architectural and sculptural uses.
 ADVANTAGES

The limited porosity of marble, especially

polished marble, makes it less vulnerable to the
leaching effects of water.
 DISADVANTAGES

Rain water, especially in combination with atmospheric

gases, can result in dissolution of the marble, creating
higher levels of salt movement within the micro-
structure.
 DISADVANTAGES

Temperature can effect rates of deterioration and (in

larger stones) movement of the pieces, as well as
patterns of salt migration within the stone. Higher
temperatures often increase the rate of chemical
changes; low temperatures can create the risk of
"freeze-thaw" problems, and rapid changes of
temperature can produce stresses in the material due
to differential expansion.
 DISADVANTAGES

When acid rain falls on historical monuments of

limestone or marble, a chemical reaction takes place
which has a corrosive effect on these structures. The
reaction dissolves the material, leading to permanent
damage.
 DISADVANTAGES

Natural or Inherent Marble Problems :-

•Weathering
•Erosion
•Staining
•Chipping
•Efflorescence
PRODUCTION OF MARBLE IN INDIA
 MARBLE PRODUCTION

Rajasthan – near Udaipur. There is place called

Rajnagar, around this we get white marble. White with
figure from the khaan (mines).
 MARBLE PRODUCTION

Now a days Banswada is not in trend but even

this you get in the district beside this place. In
jaisalmer you get Jaisalmer Marble which is
called Ita gold. Near Udaipur there is place called
Kesariya, here we get green and pink marble.
You also get Makrana marble this is white
marble.
 POROSITY

Porosity
The porosity of a stone is its ratio of pores or 'micro-
voids' to its total solid volume. Igneous stones generally
have a much lower porosity than metamorphic
stones and sedimentary stones.
 POROSITY

Metamorphic Stone Porosity:

Micro-voids appear in metamorphic stone during the re-
crystallisation process. This is because the natural
crystals grow and re-arrange or 're-pack' causing pores
to develop between the grains. Porosities of
metamorphic stones can vary considerably depending on
the 'protolith' and other factors such as levels of heat,
pressure and friction present during the complete
process.
Marble has a porosity ratio of between 0.5% – 2%
Slate has a porosity ratio of between 0.4% – 5%
 POROSITY

Sedimentary Stone Porosity:

The porosity of sedimentary stones such as limestone is
developed during 'lithification'. Pressure causes the
cementation of sediments which results in voids appearing
during formation. Some sedimentary stones can have a very
high porosity which must be taken into consideration when
deciding on a natural stone installation.
Limestone has a porosity ratio of between 0.6% – 31%
 POROSITY

Igneous Stone Porosity:

Due to its formation under high heat and pressure, igneous
rocks such as granite and basalt develop very limited pore
space. However, during the cooling process certain igneous
stone grains can contract by over 50% causing cracking .For
this reason regularly used igneous stones such as granite are
characterised as having a fracture system rather than a pore
system.
Granite has a porosity ratio of between 0.4% – 1.5%
 PERMEABILITY

A stone's permeability is closely linked to its porosity. It refers

to its ability to transmit fluids. This is affected by the
interconnectedness of the pores and capillary structures within
it. A high level of fracturing in the stone or a presence of soft
veining will also increase its permeability.
 ABSORPTION

A stone's level of porosity and permeability will

determine its absorbent it is. In the stone care
industry this is probably the factor which is most
important to us as it will give us an idea of how
prone to staining a particular stone surface will be,
how this can be minimised and how it can be
prevented.
 RESTORATION AND
MAINTAINANCE
Restoration and Maintenance:
It is important to understand the stone maintenance cycle in
order to properly maintain the beauty and lustre of your
natural stone installation.

Preventive Maintenance
A polished marble floor will scratch very easily compared to a
harder stone like granite. Sand which has a hardness rating of
7 on Moh's scale will scratch marble if it is walked onto it as
most marble has a hardness rating of about 3. The reflectivity
on a polished marble floor is caused by natural crystals in the
stone.
 RESTORATION AND
MAINTAINANCE

When sediment are walked, dragged or scraped across

the stone, the crystals become damaged. Therefore good
barrier matting is essential as a preventive step. Keeping
indoor slippers to change into by the door is also
recommended as outdoor grit can often get trapped in the
treads of your shoes. Taking the above measures will help
to prevent loss of shine however another important factor
to consider is the possibility of staining. Marble can be a
very porous stone if it is honed rather than polished and so
it is important that it is properly sealed with a penetrative
sealer prior to usage.
 WHAT IS POLISHED AND HONED
MARBLE?

1) Polishes on stone are a change in the surface of the stone itself, not
anything applied to the surface. A polished stone is 100% stone, and
nothing else.
2) Honed finishes are smooth, like a polish, but are non-reflective. This
can be achieved three ways;
using a stone which cannot polish, no matter what you do.
grinding a stone until it is smooth, but stopping just before each crystal
achieves a perfect surface.
Removing an existing polish by applying acid to corrode the surface.
 WHAT IS FLAMED AND
SAWCUT MARBLE?

3) Flamed, or sometimes called thermal, is a molten surface which

is the result of applying direct flame at high temperatures (a blow
torch). This usually is seen in granites and some limestones. Most
stones cannot withstand this treatment.

4) Sawcut finishes are the most unfinished, since this is the surface of
the stone when it is first cut, without any treatment. It is a slightly rough
surface, usually with circular saw cut marks. Most tumbled marble is
made from sawcut material, and if not tumbled quite enough, will still
show a bit of this finish. One rarely seas sawcut material sold directly
to the consumer.
 MARBLE RESTORATION

At some point in time the marble will require complete

restoration. This will be due to large amounts of cracking,
deep scratching, unsightly lippage, moving tiles, grout
damage, irremovable traffic patterns, problem staining or any
other defect which cannot be remedied by polishing alone.
Resurfacing of the marble will require a diamond abrasive
procedure referred to in the industry as diamond grinding.
This is carried out after any epoxy repair work. The marble is
then polished or left honed and then re-sealed.
 DIFFERENCE B/W
MARBLE,LIMESTONE,SLATE

Limestone and Marble begin as the same

material. Marble is simply changed limestone, or
to use the technical term, metamorphic
limestone.

Slate is metamorphic rock, like the marble. However,

instead of forming from a pre-existing limestone (like
marble), slate is formed from the low-grade metamorphism
of the sedimentary rock shale.
GRANITE VS MARBLE