CHAPTER 4 -

FIELDWORK
PRACTICES
page 38
 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES:

1. TOTAL HONESTY REQUIRED (p.38)

2. MISTAKES (blunders: check, check check)
3. ERRORS (p. 38: always exist…..)
A. HUMAN (RANDOM)
B. INSTRUMENTAL (SYSTEMATIC)
- identifiable (temperature, etc)
- compensate with techniques
 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES:
4. ACCURACY (p.40) – closeness to correct
value vs.
5. PRECISION – repeatability of the
instrument or technique used

Accurate, BUT Precise, BUT Accurate AND

NOT Precise NOT accurate Precise
 TOLERANCES: (p.41)
1. RULE OF THUMB: ½ of what is coming
behind you (check the specifications)
2. COMMON TOLERANCES – p. 42,43
 SAFETY: p.43
1. PLANNING
2. CLOTHING
3. HAND TOOLS
4. NATURAL HAZARDS
5. HIGHWAY HAZARDS
6. EXCAVATIONS
7. POWER LINES
 FIELD NOTES:
1. Record EXACTLY what is read
2. Store in a safe place
3. Show clearly what was done
4. Reference information used
5. Use hard pencil OR permanent
ink pen
 Vernier
Transit p.44
Lietz 010C
 Optical
Theodolite,
p. 45
TS20A
Page 48
Page 49
Digital Theodolites, Total Stations p.49
SETTING UP OVER A POINT, page 50
Page 53
EXERCISE #3, page 54

Slope Dist.
Trig Levelling Example – p.55
Trig Levelling Example – p.55
Trig Levelling Problem – Set #9, page A10
Trig Levelling answer – Set #9, #1, page A10
Trig Levelling answer – Set #9, #2, page A10
DIRECTION CALCULATIONS, page 56
Assignment #10, page A-11
 MEASURING TRAVERSE
ANGLES p. 58
1. LOCATE TRAVERSE POINTS IN THE
FIELD
2. DETERMINE STARTING POINT
3. SET TARGETS ON TWO ADJACENT
POINTS
4. TURN ANGLES DIRECT & REVERSE
(right)
5. AVERAGE THE TWO ANGLES
6. SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES = (N-2)*180
COORDINATE CALCULATIONS, page 59
COORDINATE CALCULATIONS answers, page 59
Assignment #11,
page A-12
 Answer,
Assignment #11
Assignment #12, page A-13
Assignment #12 answer, page A-13
Assignment #13,
page A-16
Assignment #13 answer, page A-16
 CLOSURE AND PRECISION

LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE (LEOC):

C² = A² + B²

PRECISION = LEOC ÷ TOTAL LENGTH OF TRAVERSE

-SHOW AS FRACTION, 1/____

COMPASS RULE ADJUSTMENT: each course

adjusted based on its length relative to the
entire length of the traverse.
-use opposite sign of total error in lat / dep
 CALCULATING COORDINATES
p. 14-32
1. SITE SPECIFIC or STATE PLANE
2. SYSTEM SHOULD KEEP ALL THE
NORTHEAST QUADRANT (+ values)

AREA BY COORDINATES: (p.15-33)