Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Russell Herman
UNC Wilmington
March 21, 2003
Outline
• History
– Optical Fibers
– Transmission
– Communications
• Linear Wave Propagation
• Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
• Solitons
• Other Fiber Characteristics
Geometric Optics
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Total Internal Reflection
n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
Internal Reflection in Water
• Daniel Colladon
– 1826 velocity of sound in water
– Introduced Compressed air
– 1841 Beam in jet of water
• John Tyndall
– 1853 Royal Institute talks
– 1854 needed demo
• Faraday suggested demo
• Sir Francis Bolton
– 1884 Illuminated Fountains, London
Internal Reflection in Glass
Most glass is a mixture of silica obtained
from beds of fine sand or from
• Glass – Egypt 1600 BCE pulverized sandstone; an alkali to lower
the melting point, usually a form of soda
• Medievel glass blowers or, for finer glass, potash; lime as a
stabilizer; and cullet (waste glass) to assist
• 1842 Jacques Babinet in melting the mixture. The properties of
– Light Guided in Glass Rods glass are varied by adding other
substances, commonly in the form of
• 1880s William Wheeler oxides, e.g., lead, for brilliance and weight;
boron, for thermal and electrical resistance;
– Patent for Light Pipes in Homes barium, to increase the refractive index, as
in optical glass; cerium, to absorb infrared
rays; metallic oxides, to impart color; and
manganese, for decolorizing.
-http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0858420.html
Spun Glass Fibers
• Rene de Reamur – First in 18th Century
• Charles Vernon Boys
– Measurement of Delicate Forces – Mass on thread
– 1887 First quartz fibers
– Radiomicrometer – measured candle heat over 2 mi
• Herman Hammesfahr
– Glass Blower, American Patent for glass fibers
– Glass Fabric - Dresses for 1892 World’s Fair - $30,000
– Not Practical – scratched, fibers easily broke
• Owens-Illinois Glass Company
– 1931 Mass Production – glass wool
• Joint venture with Corning Glass Works => Owens-Corning Fiberglass
– 1935 Woven into Clothing – without breaking!
Image Transmission
• First Facsimile – 1840’s
• Alexander Graham Bell – 1875 Telautograph
• Henry C. Saint-Rene’
– 1895 – First Bundle of glass rods
• John Logie Baird
– Mechanical TV inventor, London
– 1925 First Public Demo of TV
– Bundle of Fibers, 8 lines/frame
• Clarence W. Hansell
– GE, RCA – 300 Patents
– 1930 Bundling of fibers to transmit images
• Heinrich Lamm
– Medical Student - Munich
– First transmitted fiber optic image - 1930
Light Leakage
• Brian O’Brien,
– Opt. Soc. Am., Rochester
• Abraham Van Heel
– Netherlands, Periscopes, Scramblers
– Metal Coating, Lacquer, …
• Cladding Hard – clean, smooth, no touching
– 1952
• Holger Moller Hansen
– Gastroscope, 1951 Patent, rejected
• Avram Hirsch Goldbogen
– Mike Todd, 1950
– Cinerama – 3 cameras
Clad Optical Fibers
• Hopkins and Kapany
• Basil Hirshowitz
– Gastroentologist
– 1956 First endoscope at U. Michigan
• Lawrence E. Curtiss
– Undergraduate
– 1956 First glass-clad fiber, tube+rod
– $5500
• J. Wilbur Hicks
– Image Scramblers at AO => CIA
Wireless Communication
• Optical Telegraphs
– Semaphores
• Bell’s Photophone 1880
– Used Selenium, 700 ft
• “Wireless” – Marconi 1898
• Communication Satellites
– Arthur C. Clarke 1945
– John R. Pierce 1950s
• Optical Communication Concerns
– Radio Competition
– Bandwidth
– Transparency
Wireless World, October 1945, pages 305-308
• Pipes and Switches - Telephones
Bell’s Photophone
"The ordinary man...will find a little difficulty in comprehending how sunbeams are to be used. Does Prof.
Bell intend to connect Boston and Cambridge...with a line of sunbeams hung on telegraph posts, and, if so,
what diameter are the sunbeams to be...?...will it be necessary to insulate them against the weather...?...until
(the public) sees a man going through the streets with a coil of No. 12 sunbeams on his shoulder, and
suspending them from pole to pole, there will be a general feeling that there is something about Prof. Bell's
photophone which places a tremendous strain on human credulity."
1 2
E 1
2E 2 2 c
c t 0 0
it
E(r, ) E (r , t ) e dt or E Eei ( k r t )
2
0 E n ( )
2 2
2
E
c
Solutions J ( ), a
F ( ) m 2 2 n 2 k02
K m ( ), a
i
Assumptions: n n2 | E |2
2k0
•PNL small
E (r, 0 ) F ( x, y) A( z, 0 )ei0 z
•Polarization along length – scalar
•Quasimonochromatic – small width 2 F 2 F 2
2 [ ( )k0 ]F 0
2
•Instantaneous response x 2
y
A 1 2 A
T t 1 z 0 i 2 2 | A |2 A 0
z 2 T
•Airy, 50 yr dispute
•Rayleigh and Bussinesq 1872
•Korteweg and deVries 1895
ut 6uux uxxx 0
Recreation in 1995 in Glasgow
Inverse Scattering Method
• Kruskal and Zabusky - 1965
• Gardner, Greene, Kruskal, Muira – 1967
• Zahkarov and Shabat – NLS – 70’s
• …. Sine-Gordon, Toda Lattice, Relativity, etc.
• AKNS – Ablowitz, Kaup, Newell, Segur 1974
Two Soliton Solution of the NLS
i x
4 i x
cosh ( 3 t) 3 e cosh( t)
u( x t) 4 e
cosh( 4 t) 4 cosh( 2 t) 3 cos ( 4 x)
Other Nonlinear Effects
A A 1 2 A
i i 1 1 2 i | A | A A
2
z t 2 t 2
i 3 A | A |2
3 3 ia1 (| A |2 A) ia2 A
6 t t t