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[Computer Architecture
Fundamentals and Concepts]
[Computer Architecture and Operating Systems]
Lecture [3]

[Introduction to peripheral devices]

This lecture and its associated materials have been produced by [Bikash Bhattarai and MBA] of iAcademy for the
purposes of lecturing on the above described subject and the material should be viewed in this context. The work does
not constitute professional advice and no warranties are made regarding the information presented. The Author and
iAcademy do not accept any liability for the consequences of any action taken as a result of the work or any
recommendations made or inferred. Permission to use any of these materials must be first granted by iAcademy.

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Agenda
• Week 3 Lecture Coverage

– Introduction to peripheral devices

– Examples of peripheral devices
– Discussion on I/O interfaces

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Learning Objectives
• On successful completion of this lecture,
students will be able to demonstrate:

– Fundamental concepts of peripheral devices and

input/output devices

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Review of Week 2 (1)

• From second week we should have understood:
– Foundations for computer architectures
– Digital logics
– Types of memories
– Processor organizations

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Review of Week 2 (2)

• What is the component that controls I/O,
Memory and ALU ?

• Which memory stores the data while processing

?

• Why you loose unsaved data when computer is

rebooted ?

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Q&A ?

Coursework
Submission

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Introduction to Peripheral Devices

• Input or output devices attached to the
computer online are called peripherals
– I/O devices commonly found in Computer systems
• Keyboards
• Displays
• Hard drives
• Compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) etc.
– Others
• Modems or other communications devices
• Scanners
• Sound cards with speakers and microphones

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Introduction to Peripheral Devices

• Keyboards
– Scan matrix lies beneath the keys.
– Whether a key is depressed and released, the
control code at the time of the event is sensed and
is translated by the microcontroller into K-scan
code.
– When a key is depressed, a make code is produced,
when a key is released a break code is produced.

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Introduction to Peripheral Devices

• Displays
– The display screen is defined in terms of picture
elements called pixels
– The color display has three subpixels correspond to
the primary colors red, green and blue (RGB)
– Different types of display monitors are Liquid Cristal
Display(LCD), Light Emitting Diode(LED) displays,
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays

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Introduction to Peripheral Devices

• Hard drives
– The hard drive is the primary intermediate-
speed,
– nonvolatile, writable storage medium.
– Revolutions Per Minute (rpm) : rotational
speed of a disk
– Disk access time and transfer time
– SATA, PATA, SAS, SSD

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Q&A ?

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I/O Interfaces
• I/O Processors (1)
– I/O Processors handles all of the interactions
between the I/O devices and the CPU.
– I/O Processors communicates with input and output
devices through separate address, data, and control
lines.
• This provides an independent pathway for the transfer of
information between external devices and internal
memory.
– Relieves the CPU of I/O device chores

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I/O Interfaces
• I/O Processors (2)
– Input-Output Processor (IOP)
• Classified as a processor with direct memory access
capability.
• – OP fetches and execute its own instructions
– Independent of the CPU
– CPU initiating the IOP program
• CPU is the master processor. IOP is considered the slave
• Processors
• There can be more than one or more IOP’s

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I/O Interfaces
• The differences with CPU
– Peripherals are often electromechanical devices
whose manner of operation is different. A
conversion of signal values may be required.
– The data transfer rare is different from the clock
rate of the CPU. A synchronization mechanism may
be needed.
– Data codes and formats differ from the word format
in CPU.
– The operating modes od peripherals differ from
each other.
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I/O Interfaces
• I/O Bus and Interface Unit
– A typical communication structure between
the CPU and several peripherals.

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I/O Interfaces
• The I/O configurations (1)

– Memory-mapped: Use common data,

address, and control busses for both memory
and I/O

– Isolated: Share a common address and data

but, but use different control lines.

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I/O Interfaces
• The I/O configurations (2)

– Memory-mapped: Use common data,

address, and control busses for both memory
and I/O

– Isolated: Share a common address and data

but, but use different control lines.

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I/O Interfaces
• Forms of communications

– Parallel Communication

– Serial Communication

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I/O Interfaces
• Parallel communication

– Transfers more than one bit of data at a given

time

– N-bits transmitted at the same time through n-

wires

– Faster but requires many wires and is used in

short distances

– Example: Input/output devices, DMA controllers,

and I/O processors

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I/O Interfaces
• Serial communication

– Serial communication refers to devices that

cannot handle more than one bit of data at any
given time by design.

– Requires one wire and is slower.

– Usually CPU use Parallel communication, if the

device is serial, then the data is converted to use
Parallel communication

– Example: Modems

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I/O Interfaces
• Types of serial communication

– Synchronous serial communication

– Asynchronous serial communication

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I/O Interfaces
• Synchronous serial communication

– Transmits block of data in frames.

• Frames are had head in front of the data and a tail
at the end of the data.
– The head and tail contain information that
allows the two computers to synchronize
their clocks

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I/O Interfaces
• Asynchronous serial communication

– Interacts with devices outside of the

computer
• Ex: modem connecting to another computer

– Transmit individual bytes instead of large

blocks

– Do not share a common clock.

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Q&A ?

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Summary (1)
• Peripheral Devices
– Keyboards
– Displays
– Hard drives
– Compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) etc.
• I/O Interfaces
– Parallel Communication
– Serial Communication

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Workshop

• Student will demonstrate commonly used

I/O devices
– keyboard, displays, printer, magnetic drive, modem
etc

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