.

PRINCIPIOS DE LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS DE

PRECIPITACIÓN
Por precipitación química se entiende la formación,
por la acción de los reactivos apropiados, de
compuestos insolubles de los elementos
indeseables contenidos en un agua, aplicando las
leyes de Berthollet o las de la oxidación-reducción.
Los procesos que se emplean mas corrientemente
en tratamiento de aguas son, en el primer caso, el
de la precipitación cristalina de los iones Ca2+ y
Mg2+ y, en el segundo caso, la precipitación de
hidróxidos metálicos.
 A. Descarbonatación con cal.
• B. Empleo de
• C. Precipitación con sosa cáustica. carbonato
sádico
A solution saturated with respect to gypsum and barium sulfate

The resulting activities must be the same for both equilibria

We calculate the Ca2+ / 𝐵𝑎2+ ratio by applying the Law of

Mass Action Ba2+ / 𝐶𝑎2+ =10-5.4
Ca2+ / 𝐵𝑎2+ =2.5x 105
We can determine the SO4 2− 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

SO2−
4 = 10−2.3mol/L
 Gypsum is able to force barite to precipitate
when a saturated solution of barite comes in
contact with gypsum.
the calcium sulfate can dissolve in a solution
that is already saturated with respect to barite
and thereby it can increase the sulfate
concentration .
The introduction of a common ion causes the
solution to become supersaturated with
respect to the less soluble compound
 Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the
breaking of a bond in a molecule using
water.
 -The reaction mainly occurs between an
ion and water molecules and often
changes the pH of a solution.
 In chemistry, there are three main types of
hydrolysis:
 -salt hydrolysis,
 -acid hydrolysis, and base
hydrolysis
 Salt Hydrolysis
There are four possible mechanisms
of forming salts:
1. If the salt is formed from a strong base and strong acid, then
the salt solution is neutral, indicating that the bonds in the salt
solution will not break apart (indicating no hydrolysis
occurred) and is basic.
2. If the salt is formed from a strong acid and weak base, the
bonds in the salt solution will break apart and
becomes acidic.
3. If the salt is formed from a strong base and weak acid, the
salt solution is basic and hydrolyzes.
4. If the salt is formed from a weak base and weak acid, will
hydrolyze, but the acidity or basicity depends on the
equilibrium constants of Ka and Kb. If the Ka value is greater
than the Kbvalue, the resulting solution will be acidic and vice
versa.
 Strength of the acid Example Behavior
base from which
they form

(category 1) strong acids and NaCl , CaSO4 Not hydrolyze

strong bases because neither the
anion nor the cation
has a particular
affinity for H or for
OH .

(category 2) strong acids and FeCI3, CuSO4 Release cations into

weak bases solution that
combine with OH to
form the parental
base.

(category 3) weak acids and of Release anions that

strong bases ------ with hydrolyze and
make the solution
more basic.

(category 4) weak acids and CuCO3, FeS2 Release anions and

weak bases cations both of
which hydrolyze.
 Hydrolysis of feldspars in
granite clasts
 Hydrolysis is a very important process
because most of the common rock-
forming minerals of the crust of the
Earth are salts of weak acids and
strong bases. For example:
 The carbon ates and silicates of the
alkali metals and alkaline earths are
salts of this type.
 Therefore, the anions of these
minerals split water molecules in
order to form the weak parental
acid and thereby cause the hydroxyl
ion concentration of the solution to
increase.
THE CARBONATE IONS REACT WITH WATER TO FORM
BICARBONATE:
(1)

THE BICARBONATE IONS (HCO3)-1

ITSELFTAND ACIT BECAUSE IT CAN
RELEASE H+ INTO SOLUTIONHOWEBWE IT
ALSO HIDROLIZES.
(2)

BY APLIYING THE LAW OFMASS ACTION TO REACTION WE HAVE

(3)

AND FROM EQUATION

(4)
TO FIND THE VALUE OF THE FIRST HIDROLISYS CONSTANT KH1 WE REPLAC

(6)

WHERE KW IS THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OF WATER.

(7)

SINCE THE DISOCIATION OF CARBONIC ACID PROCEDSSTEPWISE:

(8)

(9)

WE SEE IN EQUATION

(10
)
THE SAME PROCEDURE
BY SUBSTITUING EQUATION
YIELDS
(11 (12
) )
 To calculate the pH of a solution dissolved in 0.1 mol of K 2 CO3 in one liter of pure water at 25
° C. In addition, we specify that the gas CO2 does not escape from the solution. Since

K A1 = 10−6.35 , K A2 = 10−10.3 and K W = 10−14 ,

we find that K H1 = 10−3.7 y K H2 = 10−7.65 . Since K H1 is almost 9000 times larger than K H2 , the first
reaction is much more productive than the second. If 𝑥 moles of the carbonate ion are
hydrolyzed in the first step, we have in equilibrium:
CO2−3 = 0.1 − x

HCO− −
3 = [OH ] = x

 Substituting in the equation 10.26 yields:

x2
= 10−3.7
0.1 − x

 if 𝑥«0.1, 0.1-𝑥≈0.1 the approximation that 𝑥«0.1 is justified.

 The second stage of hydrolysis produces OH− = 10−7.65 mol / L. The pH of a solution
obtained by dissolving 0.1 mol ofK 2 CO3 in one liter of pure water at 𝑇 = 25 ° 𝐶 is:
pH = 14 − 2.35 = 11.65
 independent equations (from the requirement of electrical
neutrality and the stipulation that the total amount of molecular
and ionic carbonate species in the solution is 0.1 mol).
 Salts derived from strong acids and weak bases are also
hydrolyzed and the necessary hydrolysis constants can be
derived. For example, 𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 2 is a weak base that dissociates into
two steps:
𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 2 𝑠 ↔ 𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 − 𝐾𝐵1
𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 + 2+
𝑎𝑞 ↔ 𝐶𝑢 + 𝑂𝐻 − 𝐾𝐵2

 𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 2 forms the salt 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 by reaction with 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 . When 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4

dissolves in water, 𝐶𝑢2+ is released and hydrolyzed, as shown:

𝐶𝑢2+ + 𝐻2 𝑂
↔ 𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 + + 𝐻 + 𝐾𝐻1
𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 + + 𝐻2 𝑂
↔ 𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 2 𝑠 + 𝐻 + 𝐾𝐻2
 Hydrolysis is an important phenomenon because it
enhances the solubility of salts formed from weak acids
and bases and because it tends to stabilize the pH of salt
solutions.
 Hydrolysis affects the solubility of salts by producing addi
tional ionic and molecular species that permit more of the
salt to dissolve.
 All carbonates, silicates, phosphates, and sulfides are
more soluble in acids than in pure water because of the
affinity of their anions for hydrogen ions.
 The solubility of salts derived from weak acids is greatly
enhanced when they are dissolved in strong acids that
provide an ample supply of hydrogen ions

For example, if we place ferric chloride into a basic

solution, the Fe3+ ion reacts with OH- to form insoluble
Fe(OH)3+
 Solutions that contain a weak acid and a salt of trol
that acid are buffered because they resist changes in
their pH.

 The solution has effectively stored hydrogen ions, and

they are released when a reaction occurs in this
solution that consumes H+. Similarly, if additional
hydrogen ions were to be released into the solution,
they would be consumed by reacting with the
carbonate and bicarbonate ions to form more
carbonic acid.

• We have assumed so far
that the ions in elec-
trolyte solutions do not
interfere with each
other. This can only be
true in very dilute
solutions because, in
general, oppositely
charged ions in a solution
attract each other.
Therefore, cations in an
electrolyte solution are
surrounded by anions and
vice versa.
• Tire result is that
the ions of a par-
ticular compound
are less able to
interact with each
other than
expected from
their concentra-
tions. We express
this condition by
saying that the
activity of the ions
in electrolyte
solutions is less
than their
concentration. It is
plausible to expect
that the
interference by
• Similarly, the effect of a
given suite of ions on a
particular ion depends on the
charge of that ion and its
radius, which together
determine the charge density
on the surface of the ion. In
addition, the molecules of
the solvent play a role
because, if they have
electrical polarity, they also
interact with both anions and
cations. All of these factors
are included in the Debye-
Hiickel theory, on the basis
on which the relationship
between activity and
concentration of ions in a
solution of electrolytes can
be estimated.
Activities and Concentrations
• Therefore, cations in an electrolyte solution are
surrounded by anions and vice versa. Tire result is
that the ions of a particular compound are less able
to interact with each other than expected from
their concentrations. We express this condition by
saying that the activity of the ions in electrolyte
solutions is less than their concentration. It is
plausible to expect that the interference by the
other ions increases with their concentrations and
charges. Eliana Olivares
• En Termodinámica, la actividad es una medida de una
"concentración efectiva" de una especie. Surge debido
a que las moléculas en un gas o solución no ideal
interactúan unas con otras. La actividad no tiene
dimensiones. Se hace adimensional utilizando
la fracción molar para su cálculo. La actividad depende
de la temperatura, presión y composición. Para los
gases, la presión efectiva parcial se suele referir
como fugacidad.
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
• Son el conjunto de procesos
complejos que descomponen los
componentes (las estructuras
internas) generando nuevos
compuestos y elementos al medio
(Generalmente acuoso)
• Teniendo como agente principal
al H2O por su calidad de agente
universal y comportamiento polar.
LOS MINERALES FORMADOS A
TEMPERATURAS Y PRESIONES ALTAS SON
MAS INESTABLES A LAS CONDICIONES DE LA
SUPERFICIE
• El proceso de meteorización química no solo incluye la solución congruente e incongruente
de minerales sino que también abarca todo tipo de interacciones de agua y gases
atmosféricos con minerales en la superficie de la tierra o cerca de ella (debajo en el nivel
freático donde actua el H2O)

• meteorización química es parte de la geoquímica que opera en la superficie de la tierra

• La formas químicas y mecánicas de meteorización causan la destrucción de las rocas
• Por el momento intentamos aplicar la LEY DE ACCION DE MASAS para la erosión química
de los feldespatos
• la formas químicas y mecánicas de meteorización causan la destrucción
de las rocas.

• por el momento intentamos aplicar la ley de accion de masas para la

erosión química de los feldespatos.
 SOLUCIÓN SIMPLE (CONGRUENTE)
• DISOLUCION DE MINERALES SOLUBLES EN AGUA ( CUARZO )
sílice tiene una solubilidad en agua de 0,012 g en 100 g de agua
• DISOLUCIÓN DE MINERALES SOLUBLES EN EN H2O+CO2 (CALCITA)
• ÁCIDO (H2CO3, ÁCIDOS ORGÁNICOS) INCREMENTA DE MANERA
NOTABLE LA CAPACIDAD CORROSIVA DEL AGUA.
 HIDROLISIS
• ES EL FENÓMENO POR EL CUAL UNA SUSTANCIA REACCIONA CON
EL AGUA. USUALMENTE, EL H+ DEL AGUA DISOCIADA SUBSTITUYE
ALGÚN CATIÓN DE LA RED CRISTALINA, LO CUAL LA
DESESTABILIZA AL DESTRUIR LA DISPOSICIÓN ORDENADA
ORIGINAL Y SE VA DESCOMPONIENDO.
• EN ESTADO NATURAL ES FRECUENTE QUE EL AGUA CONTENGA H+
ADICIONALES, LO CUAL ACELERA LA METEORIZACIÓN. ES EL
PROCESO PRINCIPAL DE INTEMPERIZACIÓN QUÍMICA DE LOS
SILICATOS, QUE CONFORMAN UNA PARTE IMPORTANTE DE LA
CORTEZA TERRESTRE.
 OXIDACION
• PÉRDIDA DE UN ELECTRÓN DE UNA ELEMENTO (COMÚNMENTE FE O
MN) EN UN MINERAL, DANDO COMO RESULTADO LA FORMACIÓN DE
ÓXIDOS O HIDRÓXIDOS (SI SE TRATA DE AGUA)