DEVELOPMENTAL

THEORIES
 Psychosexual Development
Theory of Sigmund Freud

 Psychosocial Development
Theory of Erik Erikson

 Moral Development
Theory of Lawrence Kohlberg

Prepared by: ROLAND

Psychosexual
Development
Theory of Sigmund Freud
 What is psychosexual
development?
 Freud believed that adult
personality problems were
the result of early
experiences in life.
 He believed that we go
through five stages of
psychosexual development
and that at each stage of
development we
experience pleasure in one
part of the body than in
others.
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 What are erogenous zones?
 Erogenous zones
are parts of the
body that have
especially strong
pleasure-giving
qualities at
particular stages of
development.

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 What is psychosexual
development?
 Freud thought that
our adult personality
is determined by the
way we resolve
conflicts between
these early sources
of pleasure—the
mouth, the anus and
the genitals—and the
demands of reality.

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 What is fixation?
 Fixation is the
psychoanalytic
defense
mechanism that
occurs when the
individual remains
locked in an
earlier
developmental
stage because
needs are under-
or over-gratified
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 Examples of fixation
 Weaning a child too
early or until too late
 Being too strict in toilet
training the child
 Punishing the child for
masturbation
 Smothering the child
with too much
attention

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 Stages of
Psychosexual Development

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 I. Oral Stage
 It occurs during the
first 18 months of life
when the infant’s
pleasure centers on
the mouth.
 Chewing, sucking
and biting are chief
sources of pleasure
and these actions
reduces tension in
the infant.
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 Fixations at oral stage:

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 Fixations at oral stage:

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 II. Anal Stage
 It is the second stage
of oral development
that occurs between 1
½ until 3 years of age,
in which the child’s
greatest pleasure
involves the anus or
the eliminative
functions associated
with it.

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 II. Anal Stage
 In Freud’s view, the
exercise of anal
muscles reduces
tension.

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 II. Anal Stage
 Through toilet
training, the
child comes in
contact with the
rules of society.

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 Fixations at anal stage:

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 Fixations at anal stage:

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 III. Phallic Stage
 It occurs between the
ages of 3-6.
 The word “phallic” comes
the Latin word “phallus,”
which means “penis.”
 During this stage,
pleasure focuses on the
genitals as the child
discovers that self-
stimulation is enjoyable.

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 Importance of Phallic Stage
 In Freud’s view, the
phallic stage has a
special importance in
personality
development because
this period triggers
the Oedipus
Complex.

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 What is the Oedipus Complex?
 The Oedipus
Complex is the
young child’s
development of an
intense desire to
replace the parent
of the same sex
and enjoy the
affection of the
opposite-sex
parent.

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 Resolving the Oedipus Complex
 At about 5-6 years of age,
children recognize that their
same-sex parent might punish
them for their incestuous
wishes.
 To reduce the conflict, the
child identifies with the same-
sex parent, striving to be like
him/her.
 If the conflict is not resolved,
the individual may become
fixated at the phallic stage.

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 Fixation at Phallic Stage

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 Fixation at Phallic Stage

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 IV. Latency Stage
 It occurs at
approximately
between 6 years of
age until puberty.
 At this stage, the
child represses all
interest in
sexuality and
develops social and
intellectual skills.

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 IV. Latency Stage
 The pursuit of social
and academic
activities channels
much of the child’s
energy into
emotionally safe
areas and aids the
child in forgetting
the highly stressful
conflicts of the
phallic stage

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 V. Genital Stage
 The final stage of
psychosexual
development occurs
from puberty onwards.
 It is the time of sexual
reawakening, but the
source of sexual
pleasure now becomes
someone outside the
family.

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 V. Genital Stage
 Freud believed that
unresolved conflicts
with parents re-
emerged during
adolescence.
 Once resolved, Freud
believed that the
individual capable of
developing a mature
love relationship and
functioning
independently as an
adult.
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Psychosocial
Development
Theory of Erik Erikson
 Psychosocial Development

• There were two psychologists who had

developed famous psychosocial theories:
Freud, and Erikson.
• Erikson believes that personality develops in a
series of stages.
• Freud’s theory is well known but alsovery
controversial.

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 Erikson’s Theory of Development

• Shows impact of social experiences across

ones whole lifespan.
• There are eight stages over a lifespan showing
the development.
• The main elements behind his theory isthe
identity of onesego.
• According to his theory when conflicts arise
people have the opportunity to grow or fail
equally.
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 Trust vs. Mistrust

• Occurs in infancy.(birth-
18 months).
• Babies must learn to trust
there parents care and
affection.
• If not done the babies
could develop adistrust
and view the world as
inconsistent and
unpredictable.
• Questions ones hope.

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 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Occurs in the toddler age.

(18 months-3 years).
• Child learns to feed
themselves and do things
on there own.
• Or they could start feeling
ashamed and doubt their
abilities.
• Questions the child's
willpower.

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 Initiative vs.
Guilt
• Preschool age (3-5 years
old).
• Using initiative in
planning or carrying out
plans.
• Or develop a sense of
guilt over misbehavior
regarding parents limits.
• Questions ones purpose
and role in life.

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 Industry vs.
Inferiority
• School age (5-11 years
of age).
• Learn to follow the
rules imposed by
schools or home.
• Or the child canstart
believing they are
inferior to others.
• Questions competency.

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 Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Adolescence (11-18
years of age).
• Acquire a sense of
identity.
• Or can become
confused about ones
role in life.
• Questions who you are
and if your happy.

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 Intimacy vs.
Isolation
• Young adulthood (18-40
years of age).
• Develop a relationship
and joint identity with a
partner.
• Or can become isolated
and stay away from
meaningful relationships.
• Questions if the person is
ready for new
relationships, or ifthere is
a fear of rejection.

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 Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Middle adulthood (40-65

years of age).
• Making use of time and
having a concern with
helping others and
guiding the next
generation.
• Or can become self-
centered, and stagnant.
• Questions what the
person will do with their
extra time.

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 Integrity vs.
Despair
• Late adulthood (60-
and up).
• Understand and accept
the meaning of
temporary life.
• Or complains about
regrets, not having
enough time, and
not finding a
meaning throughout
life.
• Questions ones overview
of their entire life.

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 History of PsychosocialTheory

• Erikson was one of the first psychologists to

become aware of the influence of culture on
behavior.
• He placed more emphasis on the external
world, meaning depression and wars.
• The three key factors to Erikson’s theory are
the interaction of thebody, mind, and cultural
influences.

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 Erikson’s Philosophy

• His basic philosophy rests on two themes:

– The world gets bigger as we go along
– And failure is cumulative.
• If an individual has dealt with a terrible past as
a child, they might not be able to cope with
scenarios that life presents later on.
• However, human spirit can always be ignited
and overcome these problems.

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 Overview

• Erikson has eight developmental stages that

gives people an idea of what to expect
throughout life.
• Behavior is based on culture experiences.
• Each person has the ability to choosetheir
path when it comes to his eight stages.

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Moral
Development

Theory of Lawrence Kohlberg

 Lawrence Kohlberg

A psychologist who modified and

expanded upon Jean Piaget’s work to
Form a theory that explained the
development of moral reasoning.

Jean Piaget - described a two-stage

process of moral
development

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 "The Heinz Dilemma"
Kohlberg based his theory upon
research and interviews with groups
of young children.

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“Heinz steal the drug"
- One example of the
dilemmas Kohlberg
presented.
 Level 1. Preconventional
Morality
Stage 1 - Obedience and
Punishment
At this stage, children see rules as
fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is
important because it is a means to
avoid punishment.
Stage 2 - Individualism and
Exchange
At this stage of moral development,
children account for individual points of
view and judge actions based on how
they serve individual
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needs.
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 Level 2. Conventional Morality

Stage 3 - Interpersonal
Relationships
This stage of moral development
is focused on living up to social
expectations and roles.

Stage 4 - Maintaining Social Order

At this stage of moral
development, people begin to consider
society as a whole when making
judgments.
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ROLAND MATAGAY
 Level 3. Postconventional
Morality

Stage 5 - Social Contract and

Individual Rights
At this stage, people begin
to account for the differing values,
opinions and beliefs of other
people.
Stage 6 - Universal Principles
At this stage, people follow
these internalized principles of
justice, even if they conflict with
laws and rules.
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 REFERENCES;
https://www.slideshare.net/sanko1sm/eriksons-
psychosocial-stages-of-development

https://www.slideshare.net/SSilb/kohlbergs-
theory-of-moral-development

https://www.slideshare.net/urmybabylove/freuds-
psychosexual-development

FACILITATING LEARNING
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