CHAPTER 2

Cell As The Basic Unit of Life

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2 2.1 Cell-Structure, Function &
Organisation

What is cell?
 All living things are made up of cells.
 The cell is the basic unit of life
 Cells carry out all life process such as movement, feeding,
reproduction, excretion, respiration, reaction towards
stimulus and growth

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Moss cells

Skin cells
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 Cell division:
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a) Cells undergo cell division to increase the number

of cells
b)A parent cell divides into two daughter cells
which continue on to produce four cells, eight
cells, and so on until millions of cells are produced
in our body.
c)The increasing number of cells causes our body
size to increase.
 Cancer cells are formed when cells continue to
divide uncontrollably to form new abnormal cells.
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 Cell Division
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MICROSCOPE
1. The microscope is an optical instrument used for
viewing cells.
2. Light microscope are used in the school
laboratory.
3. A light microscope can magnify an object up to
400 times its actual size.

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 Function of the structures in plant cells
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 Function of the structures in animal cells
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Nucleus contain genetic material called chromosomes.

Chromosomes consist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

This DNA carries genetic information that determines

the characteristics of an organism.

The genetic material in DNA is unique to each

individual.
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 Differences between animal cells and plant cells

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Animal Cells Differences Plant Cells
Has a regular shape and small in size Shape The shape is big and fixed because
it has cell wall

Without cell wall Cell wall Cell wall is made up from cellulose
to protect and give shape to the
cell

Does not has vacuole. If it does, its vacuole Form the biggest part in a plant cell.
presence in very small size.

Does not have chloroplast chloroplast Have chloroplast which contain

chlorophyll to absorbs energy from
the sun and use it in the process of
photosynthesis

Contains glycogen granules cytoplasm Contain starch granules (stored

foods)
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Differences between animal cells

and plant cells?

Find out

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 Unicellular Organism
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Unicellular organism have only one cell.

Even though it only has one cell, unicellular
organism can carry out all life processes.
Euglena and Chlamydomonas can make their own
food and able to move.
Unicellular plants such as Pleurococcus can make
its own food because it has chloroplast.

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 Example of Unicellular Organism
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Paramecium

Amoeba

Unicellular organisms in the animal kingdom

are Amoeba and Paramecium that lives in
watery area
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15 Euglena has the characteristics of
both plants and animals. Euglena
can make its own food using
sunlight like plants and move like
animals.

Chlamydomonas is a unicellular in
the plant kingdom.

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 Multicellular Organism
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Multicellular organism consisit of many cells.

Some multicellular organism such as Spirogyra
and Hydra are tiny.
Most multicellular organisms are large.
Examples: elephant and tree.

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17 Examples of multicellular organism

Hydra
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Mucor

Spirogyra

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 Types of cells and their functions
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Red Blood Cells

Have no nucleus
Biconcave disc shaped to increase surface
area
Contain hemoglobin that functions to
transport oxygen to all parts of the body.
Transport carbon dioxide from cells in all
parts of the body to lungs

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White Blood Cells

 Change their form to surround foreign
particles and destroy them

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Nerve cells
Contain long fibers that function to carry
information in the form of impulse to all
parts of the body

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 Epithelium Cell
 Form a layer that protects organs in the
body. These cells also secrete mucus.

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Muscle Cells
 Contract and relax muscles to enable
movements.

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Reproductive Cells
Sperms carry male genetic materials
and an ovum carries female genetic
materials

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 Types of cells in a Plants
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 Cell Organisation
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Cell Tissue Organ

Different tissue that
Most cells inside an Cells with the
works together to
organism have same function
perform a specific
specific function combine to form
function forms an organ
tissue

Organism System
All the systems work together A few organs with related
To support an organism functions that work together for
a specific function forms a
system
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28 System in The Human Body

Each system consists of a few organs that work

together to carry out a specific function
The various functions of all systems must be
coordinated so that the human body can carry
out all life processes or activities effectively

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Excretory system Removes excretory

waste from the body

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Skeletal system Supports the body and

protects the inner organs such as lung and
heart

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Lymphatic system Drains lymphatic

fluid into blood vessels to protect the body
from infections of bacteria, virus and others

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Digestive system Breaks down

complex food into simpler form so that it is
more easily absorbed by the body

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 Organism
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 2.2 Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis
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What is respiration????

External respiration (breathing)

respiration
Internal respiration (Cell respiration)

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Cellular Respiration
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The food that we consume supplies energy to carry out activities.
Mitochondria generates energy for various functions through cellular
respiration.
During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen
to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + Energy

Energy that is generated by the mitochondria is used for contraction and

relaxation of muscles and other life process such as cell division, excretion,
and maintaining body temperature.

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 Photosynthesis
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 Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants make
food.
 During photosynthesis, green plants make food (glucose)
using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.
 This process takes place in the chloroplast as it has
chlorophyll which can absorb sunlight.
 Oxygen is released and glucose is stored as starch in the
leaf.

Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

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 Relationship Between Cellular Respiration &
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis and respiration are two different process
but they are interrelated.
Photosynthesis absorbs energy to produce glucose and
oxygen which will be used by organisms during cellular
respiration.
Cellular respiration releases energy to produce carbon
dioxide and water which are used by plants during
photosynthesis.

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 Differences between cellular respiration and
40 photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
 Process releases energy
 Uses glucose (chemical
energy from food) and
oxygen.
 Produces carbon dioxide,
water, and energy.
 Occurs in the mitochondria.
 Occurs at all time.
 Occurs in all living things.
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Photosynthesis
 Process absorbs energy
 Uses carbon dioxide, water,
and light energy
 Produces glucose and oxygen.
 Occurs in the chloroplast.
 Occurs only when light is
present
 Occurs in organisms with
chloroplast like plant and
microorganisms. 4/20/2018