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dy dy d 2 y dy
2 xy x y 1 2
y0
dx dx dx dx
u v x y 2u 2u u
20 2 2
y x y x x 2
t t
Types Of Differential Equation
(ODE) Ordinary Differential Equation)
An equation contains only ordinary derivates of one or more
dependent variables of a single independent variable.
For Example dy
dx dy
5y ex 2x y
dx dt dt
(PDE) Partial Differential Equation)
An equation contains partial derivates of one and more dependent
variables of two or more independent variables.
For Example
u v 2u 2u u
2
y x x 2 t 2 t
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Historical Background of (PDE) Partial differential
Equation.
Formation Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
What are (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
Uses Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
Types Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
Methodology Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
Historical Back Ground Of (PDE)
The study of partial differential equation(PDEs) is started in the
18th century. In the work Euler, d Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace as
a central tool in the description of mechanics of continua the
generally, as the principal mode of analytical models in the
physical science the analysis of physical has remained to the
present day one of the fundamental concern of the development
of (PDEs).Beginning in the model of the 19th century particularly
with the help of Riemann, (PDEs) also became an essential tool
in other branch of mathematics.
The Euler equation of incompressible fluid flows, 1755.
The minimal surface equation by Lagrange in 1760 (the first
major application of the Euler Lagrange principle in PDE's).
The Laplace and Poisson equations, as applied to electric and
magnetic problems, starting with Poisson in 1813, the book by
Green in 1828 and Gauss in 1839.
The Navier Stokes equations for fluid flows in 1822-1827 by
Navier, followed by Poisson (1831) and Stokes (1845).
Linear elasticity, Navier (1821) and Cauchy (1822).
Maxwell's equation In electromagnetic theory in 1864.
Formation Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation
•It is defined as an equation involving two or more independent
variables like x, y …., a dependent variable like ‘u’ and its partial
derivatives.
•Partial Differential Equation can be formed either by elimination
of arbitrary constants or by the elimination of arbitrary functions
From a relation involving three or more variables
What Are(PDE) Partial Differential Equations
Definition:- A Partial differential Equation is an equation that
contain partial derivatives. In contrast to (ODE) ordinary
differential equation, where the unknown function depends up
on one variables, In PDEs, the unknown function depends upon
several variables (Like temperature u( x, t) both on location “x”
and time “t” ).
u u
ut t u x x
A Few Well –Known PDEs
u u
t xx (Heat equation in one dimension)
u u u
t xx yy (Heat equation in two dimensions)
1 1
u u 2 u 0 (Laplace Equation In Polar Co-ordinates)
rr
r r r
u u u
tt xx yy
u zz (Wave Equation Three Dimensions)
Uses Of (PDEs);-
Most of natural laws of Physics, such as Maxwell’s equation Newton law
of cooling, the Navier-Stokes equation, Newton Equation of motion, and
Schrodinger’s equation of Quantum Mechanics are started and can be in
terms of (PDEs), that is these law describe Physical phenomena by
relating Space and time derivatives. Derivatives occur in these
equation. because the derivatives represent natural things (Like
Velocities, Acceleration, Force, Frication, Flux, Current ),
Classification Of PDEs Partial Differential Equation
Partial Differential Equation classified according to many things
classification is an important concept because the General theory and
methods of solution usually apply only to given class of equation, Six
basics classification are,
a ( x , y ) u x b ( x, y ) u y c ( x, y ) u d ( x, y )
nth order
Those equation in which ‘p’ and ‘q’ occur other then in the first
degree are called non-linear PDEs equation of first order. there are
1. Linear(PDEs) ;-
To solve the linear equation we use Lagrange’s equation.
P Q R
p q
3. Standards I;-
The partial Differential Equation in the form
f ( p, q ) 0
has solution
z ax by c with f ( a , b ) 0
2. Standard II;-
The Partial Equation of the form
z px qy f ( p, q)