Department of Technical Education

Andhra Pradesh
NAME : K. Vasudevarao
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : Civil Engineering
Institute : Govt.Polytechnic, Srikakulam
Year/Semester : IV Semester
Subject : Construction Practice
Subject code : C406
Topic : Classification of Buildings
and foundations
Duration : 50 min
Sub Topic : Foundation and its Classification
Teaching Aids : Animations
Revised by :GVVL Satyanarayana
9C406.4 1
 Objectives

Upon completion of this period, you will be able to

• describe different types of foundations

9C406.4 2
 Recap
Soil investigation
• An engineer must possess reasonably accurate
information about soil condition, its arrangement,
strength and physical properties before designing a
foundation.

• The field and laboratory investigation required to get

this essential information is known as soil investigation
(or) soil exploration.
9C406.4 3
Recap
Various methods of soil exploration are
• 1. Open test pit
• 2. Borings
– a) Tube borings
– b) Auger borings
– c) Wash borings
– d) Percussion boring
– e) Diamond boring
– f) Rotary boring
• 3. Geophysical method
• 4. Sub surface soundings

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 Classification of foundations
Foundations can be classified under two heads as

Foundations

Shallow Deep
Foundations Foundations

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 Shallow Foundation

• Foundation is said to be shallow when the depth of

foundation is equal to or less than its width

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Classification of shallow foundations

Shallow
foundations

Spread Grillage Mat or Raft

footing foundation foundation

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 Spread Footing
• In this type of footing, spread is given to the foundation
so that load on the structure is distributed on sufficient
area of the soil.

• The angle of spread depends on the type of the material

used for construction. Maximum spread for brick
masonry is ½:1, for lime concrete 2/3:1 and for cement
concrete is 1:1.

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 Spread Footing

• The spread footing is further

classified into three types

1 . Wall footing

2. R C C isolated column footing

3. Combined footing

Fig.1 SPREAD FOOTING UNDER WALLS

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 Wall footing

• Wall footings are of two types, one is simple and

other is stepped or spread footing.

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 Isolated Column Footing
They are

• used to support the individual columns

• simple, stepped or sloped type.

• provided with a mat of reinforcement at bottom of footing,

and such footings are called Reinforced concrete Footings,
as shown in fig.2 in next slide

9C406.4 11
 Isolated Column Footing

Fig. (2) 9C406.4 12

 Combined Footing

• A common footing provided for two or more columns is

known as combined footing.

• This footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan.

• To achieve uniform pressure distribution under the

footing, the centre of gravity of the footing area should

coincide with the centre of gravity of the loads of the two

columns. ( refer fig.3 )

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Fig. (3) combined Trapezoidal footing

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 Combined Footing

This footing is provided under the following

circumstances

• When the columns are very nearer to each other

• When the bearing capacity of the soil is less
• When the end column is located nearer property
line

9C406.4 15
 Mat or Raft Foundation
• Mat or Raft foundation is such a foundation that covers
the entire area under the structure and supports all the
columns.

• This foundation may have only RCC slab covering the

entire area or it may be system of slab and beams with
the slab at the bottom and beams above it.

• Raft slab is kept projected outwards for distance of

about 300mm to 500mm all round the structure which
remains embedded in soil and act as a anchorage to
the structure in to the foundation soil
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Fig. (4) Raft Foundation 9C406.4 17
 Mat or Raft Foundation

Suitability of raft foundation

• When the Safe Bearing capacity of soil is low

• Structural loads are heavy,

• The use of spread footing would cover more than half of

the building area.

• Where the soil mass contains compressible lenses so that

the differential settlement is difficult to control

9C406.4 18
Summary:

In this period, you have learnt

Types of Foundations
• Shallow Foundation
• Deep Foundation
Shallow Foundation Types
• Wall Footing
• Isolated Footing
• Combined Footing
• Raft Footing
9C406.4 19
 Quiz
1.Raft foundations are preferred when the area
required for all the individuals footings is more
than
(a) 20% of total area
(b) 30% of total area
(c) 50% of total area
(d) 10% of total area

9C406.4 20
 Quiz
2.The black cotton soil is un suitable for
foundation because

(a) it is difficult to excavate

(b) permeability is uncertain

(c) bearing capacity is low

(d) none of the above

9C406.4 21
 Quiz
3.The most commonly used shallow foundation
RCC columns in building

(a) wall foundation

(b) Isolated sloped Footing

(c) raft foundation

(d) grillage foundation

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 Frequently asked questions

1. State the classification shallow foundations

2. Briefly explain construction of the raft foundation with

sketch

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