Prepared By: Jeon Andreaux B.

Ampad
Grade VII – Apollo

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA

 Eubacteria, or “true” bacteria, are single-celled

prokaryotic microorganisms that have a range
of characteristics and are found in various
conditions throughout all parts of the world. All
types of bacteria fall under this title, except
for archaebacteria. Since eubacteria is so
common, it comprises one of the three
domains of life; the three domains are Archaea,
Bacteria, and Eukarya.
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

 Unicellular (single-cell)
 Prokaryotes (no membrane-bound
organelles)
 Cell Walls contain peptidoglycan, not
cellulose
 First appeared approximately 3.7 BYA
NUTRITION
 Autotrophs- manufacture organic compounds
 Photoautotrophs- use light energy & CO2
 Chemoautotrophs-use inorganic substances
like H2S, NH3, and other nitrogen compounds
 Heterotrophs- obtain energy by consuming organic
compounds
 parasites- get energy from living organisms
 saprobes (saprophytes)- get energy from dead,
decaying matter; also called decomposers
OXYGEN PREFERENCES

 obligate aerobes must have oxygen

 obligate anaerobes cannot live in oxygen

 facultative anaerobes can grow with or without

oxygen
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

 are found almost everywhere

 are often pathogenic (they make us
sick!)
 are divided into groups according to:
their shape
grouping
cell wall
ability to absorb stains
SHAPES

 Coccus = spherical (coccus came

from the Greek word for berries!)
 Bacillus = rod-shaped

 Spirilla = spiral-shaped
GROUPING

 Diplo- Pairs
 Streptos- Chains

 Staphylo- Clusters
COCCUS – SPHERICAL SHAPE
A GROUP OF TWO IS REFERRED TO AS:
DIPLOCOCCUS
A CLUSTER OF CELLS IS REFERRED TO AS:
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
ROD-SHAPED CELLS
BACILLUS (SNG) , BACILLI (PL)
TYPICAL BACILLUS
SPIRAL-SHAPED CELLS
SPIRILLUM (SNG) , SPIRLLI (PL)
GRAM STAIN

 A staining method to differentiate bacteria

 Gram-negative refers to the inability to retain

the deep violet dye

 Gram-positive refers to the ability to retain the

deep violet dye
GRAM STAINING
BACTERIAL DISEASES
 Anthrax
 Botulism
 Lyme Disease
 Salmonella
 Tetanus
 Tooth decay
 Tuberculosis
CYANOBACTERIA

 are photosynthetic autotrophs that produce

carbohydrates and oxygen
 tend to cling together in chains or colonies

 contain enzymes that allow them to “fix”

atmospheric nitrogen
FILAMENTOUS: CHAIN OF CELLS
NITROGEN-FIXATION
 some soil bacteria live in the ground and take
in Nitrogen from the surroundings.

 the Nitrogen is combined with oxygen to form

nitrites and nitrates. Plants use the nitrates
and nitrites to make proteins.
DENITRIFICATION
 some soil bacteria break down the nitrogen
compounds and release the nitrogen back into
the environment.
 plants could not live without Nitrogen-fixing and
Denitrifying bacteria.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Binary Fission – cells grow in size the split in

two…. Genetically identical
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (EXCHANGING DNA)
CONJUGATION
 two bacteria join together and exchange
portions of DNA
TRANSFORMATION

 DNA is taken in by a bacterium, and then used.

TRANSDUCTION

 DNA is transferred to a bacterium by a virus.

ENDOSPORES
 When
environmental
factors
become harsh
bacteria will
either die or
form
endospores.
 If bacteria have
time, if the
environmental
changes are
slow enough,
they usually
form
endospores
EXAMPLES OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
 Mutualism – E. coli in the intestines of
mammals aid in digestion.

 Parasitism – some bacteria are parasites. They

live in a host and eventually overpopulate. As
they do they use the host’s food and water, and
eventually they starve the tissues.
BENEFICIAL USES/EFFECTS
 chemical recyclers (Nitrogen Cycle)
 the production of HGH, Insulin, Etc., through
Genetic Engineering
 oil spill cleanup
 synthesis of Vitamins in your intestines