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SEMINAR REPORT
ON
REVIEW ON HYBRID LASER ARC WELDING
Guided by Submitted by
Prof. J.W.PINTO AKSHAY HADAPAD
Assistant Professor USN : 4DM14ME004
20/3/2018
1 5
INTRODUCTION COMPARISON
Welding and types of With other types of
welding welding
2 6
TYPES OF HLAW APPLICATIONS
Different Combinations
To Form HLAW Industrial Applications
3 7
ARRANGEMENT CONCLUSION
Position of laser and Remarks & Importance
Torch
4 8
.
PARAMETERS REFRENCES
Influencing Referred Paper And
Factors on Process Reviews
.
When compared with laser and arc welding the hybridization effect compensates the drawbacks of both
the processes and compliments their advantages.
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT 20/3/2018
HYBRID LASER ARC WELDING
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT 20/3/2018
There are two different approaches of using laser along with electric arc for welding.
the synergic action of a laser beam having high energy density and an electric arc having high energy
efficiency is used for welding.
The dynamic interaction of laser radiation, electric arc and the filler droplet govern the formation of
shape and size of the weld bead and the strength of the weld in Processes.
Hybrid laser arc welding process offers several process advantages over the laser welding and arc
weld processes, such as higher welding speed and penetration depth with increased productivity
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT 20/3/2018
HYBRID LASER GTAW
PROCESS
Laser with combination of
gas tungsten arc welding
II
HYBRID LASER GMAW HYBRID LASER PAW
PROCESS
Laser With Combination Of PROCESS
Gas Metal Arc Welding. Laser with combination of
plasma arc welding
I III
Types of HLAW
A laser generates the key hole at weld pool and ensures the deep penetration and the arc is
struck between the tip of electrode and the workpiece (distance 1.5 to 3mm)
The high intensity of Laser and arc melts the metal at weld pool the filler material is fills to the
zone and form single piece of metal.
Shielding gas is impinge on solidifying weld pool for few seconds to avoid the atmospheric
contamination and increases the strength Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT 20/3/2018
3.HYBRID LASER PAW PROCESS
In paraxial arrangement, arc welding torch In coaxial arrangement the laser beam is
can be positioned in front of the laser beam passed through a coaxially placed hollow arc
(arc leading) or just behind the laser beam welding electrode (non-consumable). This
(laser leading), in a way that they follow the enables the projection of laser beam on the
same weld line and interact at common weld electric arc, and both laser beam and electric
zone. arc share a common central axis
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT 20/3/2018
HYBRID LASER ARC WELDING PARAMETERS
WIRE FEED
RATE
JOINT
ELECTRODE
CONFIGURATI
ANGLE
ON & EDGE
PREPARATION
LASER
POWER
POSITIONING
WELDING OF FOCAL
SPEED POINT JOINT GAP
LASER TO
ELECTRODE
SEPARATION
RELATIVE POSITION DISTANCE
OF Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT 20/3/2018
LASER&ELECTRODE
1.LASER POWER
Higher welding speed is the characteristic feature of hybrid laser arc welding possess, which
increases the productivity.
However, weld width and weld penetration are inversely effected by the welding speed.
The welding speed to filler wire feeding ratio is an important factor for the stability of the
keyhole and for the entire process.
A too high welding speed may cause improper fusion or lack of penetration of the weld,
whereas, a too low welding speed may create a larger weld pool with deep penetration till
the limit of burn through the material and may cause partial decomposition.
However, an increase in welding speed can effectively reduce the thermal residual stress
concentration
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT 20/3/2018
3.RELATIVE POSITIONING OF THE LASER BEAM AND THE ELECTRODE
The laser beam is generally directed perpendicular to the welding direction to get the maximum
possible weld penetration.
During arc leading process the torch is positioned at a drag angle, and during laser leading process
the welding torch is positioned at a push angle.
Laser leading setup produces larger width of arc zone, narrow width of laser zone, larger
reinforcement height, and higher penetration depth
Laser leading process is observed to produce more stable arc than arc leading process due to higher
stability of the keyhole.
Arc leading configuration during welding of high speed steel using hybrid Nd:YAG laser MAG
welding process results in improved tensile strength and lower impact energy of weld joints than
that of the laser leading process .
20/3/2018
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT
4.LASER TO ELECTRODE SEPARATION DISTANCE
The arc electrode must be in close proximity to the laser beam, to ensure their synergic effect in
the common weld pool.
The distance between laser and arc significantly affect the arc characteristic, droplet transfer
mode and weld bead geometry.
The laser to electrode separation distance is typically kept from 0 mm (for co-axial arrangement)
to 5 mm (for paraxial arrangements).
But increasing the gap between laser beam and electrode may result in loss of the hybridization
effects.
Co-axial arrangement or a very short gap may lead to a problem of absorption of laser energy by
the arc plasma, which partially blocks the laser beam resulting in lesser penetration
The maximum weld penetration is generally achieved when the focal point of the laser beam
lies below the surface of the workpiece
The focus of the laser beam changes when it penetrates the molten pool. The volume of the
weld pool in hybrid laser arc welding is much greater than the laser welding.
The cup shape weld deposition during hybrid laser arc welding increases the curvature of the
top surface of the melt pool, which changes the focus of the interacting laser beam.
The focus of laser beam, during hybrid CO2 laser MIG welding, is measured to be reduced by
0.7 mm than in autogenous laser welding
The optimum focus of the laser beam is shifted from 2 mm to 4 mm during the welding of a
mild steel plate using hybrid CO2 laser MAG welding with 0.6 m/min welding speed
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT 20/3/2018
6. ELECTRODE ANGLE
The arc electrode angle is provided in such a way that the shielding gas coming out
from the torch nozzle effectively deflects the laser induced plasma from the weld
zone to increase the laser penetration of the weld.
The electrode angle is typically set around 45–65 degrees from the workpiece
surface, which reduces the arc length.
The laser beam is generally directed normal to the workpiece surface to obtain
better penetration.
However, the laser beam is tilted to an angle during the welding of highly reflective
materials to avoid any damage of the laser head due the reflected beam.
The selection of wire feed rate is critical to avoid lack of deposition or the supply of
extra material.
The higher wire feed rate enables the operator to join a weld with higher part gap and
also helps to increase the welding speed.
With a higher wire feed rate, the higher current is required to increase the rate of
deposition During hybrid laser GMAW welding, an increase of wire feeding rate causes
an increase of current.
The increase of wire diameter also requires higher current to maintain the constant arc
length. In a constant voltage GMAW set up the wire feed rate is preset.
The laser beam can weld parts with a gap up to 0.2–0.25 mm only, without visible
defects like undercut or incomplete weld bead.
However, a joint gap of 1 mm can easily be welded with hybrid laser arc welding
process
The laser to arc energy ratio, laser arc distance, welding speed and wire feed rate are
the critical parameters which determines the rate of deposition of the filler materials to
fill the joint gap.
It is observed during the hybrid CO2 laser MIG welding of high strength carbon steel
that the wire feed rate is to be increased with the joint gap.
Butt, corner, edge, lap and tee joints are the basic joint configurations used in welding.
All these joint configurations are also used in hybrid laser arc welding process.
Due to the small spot diameter of the laser beam the square edges are used for welding,
whereas, grooves are made at joints when using arc welding, especially for thick sections
Thin metal sheets or metal plates having thickness less than 6–8 mm do not require edge
preparation for welding using hybrid laser arc welding
The grooves used in parts for laser arc hybrid welding generally have smaller include
angle, narrow root opening and larger land thickness as compared to the grooves used in
arc welding
Residual Stress and High heat per unit length Low heat per unit length Low heat per unit length
Distortion High distortion Low distortion Low distortion
Low residual stress High residual stress Low residual stress
Productivity Low welding speed High welding speed Better welding speed
Low productivity High productivity High productivity
20/3/2018
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT
The hybrid laser arc welding
also found its application in
aerospace industry, it is used the
body building and aerofoil
structure manufacturing in
aerospace engineering.
20/3/2018
Dept Of Mech Engg ,YIT
CONCLUSION
I. Hybrid laser arc welding is able to join a wide variety of metals including highly reflective metals like aluminium,
stainless steel, nickel etc. and reactive metals like titanium.
II. This hybridization effect leads to a number of process benefits over laser welding and arc welding such as higher
welding speed, deeper penetration, increased productivity, excellent gap bridging capability, better process stability,
higher process efficiency, etc
III. The hybrid laser arc welding process is 50–100% faster than the autogenous laser welding. It is observed that a small
joint gap is beneficial for hybrid welding
IV. The application hybrid laser arc welding may reduce the cost up to 50% and increase the productivity up to 50%, and
also minimize the effort required for edge preparation and control of seam width.
V. . High welding speed, better seam quality, requirement of less weld passes due to deep penetration also make this
process economical than autogenous laser welding.
VI. High quality welds with perfectly acceptable mechanical properties and enhanced fatigue properties are obtained for
laser arc hybrid welding. The use of laser arc hybrid welding process results in considerable reduction of pores, cracks
and other defects in welds