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 Content
1. Introduction
2. Purposes of Perforation
3. Perforating guns
4. The Perforating methods
5. Problems with Perforation
6. Conclusions
 °ntroduction
K Perforation helps create a hole in the casing
through the cement and into the formation to
form a channel for the oil and gas to flow from
the producing formation into the wellbore.
 |urposes of |erforation
K Creating a channel between the pay zone
and the wellbore.
K Cause oil and gas to flow to the wellbore
easily.
K future stimulation.
example: Hydraulic fracturing
 |erforating Guns
K O device used to perforate oil and gas wells in
preparation for production.
K It has different shapes of explosive charges
K Different range of sizes and configurations.
K The diameter of the gun used is determined by
the presence of wellbore restrictions or
limitations imposed by the surface equipment.
|erforation geometry
 |erforating Guns
K Casing gun
K Expendable gun
K Retrievable gun
K High--shot density gun
High
 Casing gun
K Create holes in a casing string .
K Casing guns are typically 3-
3- to 5-
5-in. in diameter
and carry up to four perforating charges per foot
K Ollow perforation through production casing
using larger diameter gun assembly.
 Expendable gun
K O perforating gun assembly that disintegrates
upon firing, creating finer debris.
K It is used where wellbore restrictions allow only
limited access, as in through-
through-tubing applications.
K It is relatively light and simple in design with
phased expendable guns.
Expendable gun
 Retrievable gun
K It is retrievable from the wellbore after firing.
K It generate minimal debris
K Minimum distortion of the gun body to help
ensure easy retrieval.
 High--shot density gun
High
K O perforating gun have more than four shots
per foot.
K Improves the phasing, or distribution of
perforations, around the wellbore.
K Enables improved distribution of the
perforations around the circumference of the
casing or liner.
High--shot density gun
High
 |erforation methods
K mullet Perforation
K Jet Perforation
K Hydraulic ´Sand-
´Sand-jetµ perforation
K Perforation using laser technology
K Horizontal oriented perforating system ² HOPS
 mullet |erforation
K mullets lose velocity when gun clearance >0.5 in.
K Often use in a unconsolidated formations
K Cheaper to use, rarely been used today
K mullets plug the end of the flow channel
 wet |erforation
K It uses a shaped charges contained in a
perforating gun assembly.
K Gun assembly is placed in wireline, tubing or
coiled tubing, depending on the application and
the wellbore conditions.
K High--pressure jet will penetrates the casing or
High
liner to shoot into the reservoir formation to
form channels.
wet |erforation
wet |erforation
wet |erforation
 uydraulic ´Sand-
´Sand-jetµ
|erforation
K It uses high-
high-pressure jetting of sand-
sand-laden
fluid through an orifice
K Short penetration range
 |erforating with Laser
K Conventional explosive charge perforation
method reduces the rock permeability
K Laser perforation increase the rock permeability,
hence, increase the oil or gas production rate of
a well.
|erforating with Laser
|erforating with Laser
 uorizontal oriented perforating
system ² u |S
K Performs oriented perforating
K Incorporating a series of swiveled gun
connectors containing internal, explosive
transfer devices and an internally contained gun
weighting system.
K This system incorporates a series of short gun
sections that rotate to the desired orientation,
providing the optimum shot pattern and
maximizing reservoir production.
uorizontal oriented perforating
system ² u |S
 |roblem with |erforation
K The main problem is the plugging after
Perforation, these caused by:
K Charge liner residue slugs
K Mud solids & crushed/compacted rock particles

K Solution to the problem: Cleanout of Plugged

Perforations, these include:
K mack surge perforations if consolidated formations
K Use ¶wash tools· if unconsolidated formations
K mreakdown with fluid or acid, and ball sealers
 Conclusion
K Different perforation guns have specific
application. Example: casing gun, retrievable
gun, high-
high-shot density gun, & expandable gun.
K Method perforation, these include: mullet, Jet,
hydraulic, & laser.
K Problem using perforation method.
 ¢hanks

K John G Evans,
K Leo Health
K Mary North-
North-Obbott
K Rajendra Kasinath
 6eferences

K S. matarseh, m.C. Gahan, R.M. Graves and R.O Parker,

Well Perforation using High-
High-Power lasers, SPE Paper
No.84418
K www.bakerhughes.com
K www.slb.com
K Gahan, m.C.,R.O. Parker, Laser Drilling: Effect on
beam Opplication Methods on Improving Rock
Removal, SPE Paper No.84353
K Gahan, m.C., Laser Drilling: Understanding Laser/Rock
Interaction Fundamentals, Gas Tips 8 (2002):4-
(2002):4-8
THONK YOU

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