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Modul ke:

Bahan Bakar dan Pelumas

Basic Of Lubricant and Lubrications

Fakultas
Teknik Gian V Golwa ST, MSi

Program Studi
Teknik Mesin
Data Lecturer

• Gian V Golwa, ST MSi

• Education :
• S-1 Lampung University, Mechanical Engineering, Material
• S-2 Indonesia University, Material Science, Corrosion and oil
Analysis
• Work:
• PT. NS Bluescope Lysaght Indonesia.
• Contact :
• Phone : +62 813 185 20414
• Email : giangolwa@gmail.com
 What are additives

Lubricant additives
classified on their functional capability
Enhance existing property
Suppress undesirable property
Impart new property
 What are additives
– What they do in Engine Oils
Protect metal surfaces
- (rings, bearings, gears, etc.)
Extend the range of lubricant
applicability
Extend lubricant life
 Surface Protective additives

Anti wear and EP Agent

Corrosion & Rust inhibitor
Detergent
Dispersant
Friction modifier
 Surface Protective additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Anti wear & EP Agent
Purpose Reduce friction & wear.
Prevent scoring & seizure
Typical ZDDP, Organic Phosphates, acid phosphates, o
compounds chlorine compounds etc.
Chemical reaction with metal surface and form
Function Prevents metal-to-metal contact
 Surface Protective additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor
Purpose Prevent corrosion and rusting of the metallic parts in co
lubricant
Typical ZDDP, Metal phenolates, Basic Metal sulphonates, fatty
compounds Amines.

Function Preferential adsorbtion of polar constituent on metal su

Provide protective film
Neutralize corrosive acids
 Surface Protective additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Detergents
Purpose Keep surface free of deposits
Typical Metallo organic compounds of Sodium, Calcium and M
compounds phenolates
Phosphonates and sulphonates
Function Chemical reaction with sludge and varnish percursors
neutralize them and keep them soluble
 Surface Protective additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Dispersant
Purpose Keep insoluble contaminants dispersed in the lubrican
Alkylsuccinimides, alkylsuccinic esters and mannich rea
Typical products
compounds Contaminants are bonded by polar attraction to disper
Function molecules.
Prevented from agglomerating
Kept in suspension due to solubility of dispersant
 Surface Protective additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Friction modifier
Purpose Alters coefficient of friction
Typical Organic fatty acids and amides.
compounds Lard Oil, high molecular weight organic phosphorus.
Phosphoric acid esters
Preferential adsorbtion of surface active materials
Function
 Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Pour Point Depressant
Purpose Enable lubricant to flow at lo temperature
Alkylated naphthalene
Typical Phenolic polymers, Ploymethacrylates
compounds Maleate/fumerate copolymer esters
Modify wax crystal formation to reduce interlocki
Function
 Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Seal swell Agent
Purpose Swell elastomeric seals, gaskets
Typical Organic phosphates
compounds Aromatic hydro carbons
Function Chemical reaction with with elastomer to cause
slight swell.
 Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Viscosity modifier
Purpose Reduce the rate of viscosity change with
temperature
Typical Polymers and copolymers of olefins, methacrylates,
compounds dienes
Alkylated styrenes.
Function Polymers expand with increasing temperatures
This counteract oil thinning
 Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Antifoamant
Purpose
Prevent lubricant from forming a persistent foam
Silicone polymers
Typical
Organic copolymers
compounds
Reduce Surface tension to speed cllapse of foam
Function
 Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Antioxidant
Purpose Retard oxidative decomposition
Typical ZDDP,
compounds Hindered phenols, Aromatic Amines, sulfurized
phenols
Function Decompose peroxides
Terminates free-radical reactions
 Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Metal deactivator
Purpose Reduce catalytic effect of metals on oxidation rate
Organic complexes containing nitrogen or sulfur
Typical Amines, sulphides and Phosphates
compounds Forms inactive film on metal surfaces by complexing
with metallic ions
Function
 Lubricant - Nomenclature
and Specifications
Nomenclature
• Crankcase oils - SAE numbers
• Viscosity classification – ISO 3448
• Grease – NLGI Numbers

Performance
• Crankcase oils - Performance levels
• Crankcase oils – OEM Specifications
• US Military – US-MIL-2104
 2000
1500 ISO VG AGMA SAE SAE
Engine Gear
1500 Oils Oils
1000 8A 10000
5000
1000
800 680 8 140
3000
5000

600 460 7 3000

• Viscosity Grade Classification 500 2000

Systems 400
320
2000
6 90
ISO – Industrial Oils 300 50
220 5
• cSt @ 40°C 200 1000
40 1000
150 4
AGMA – Industrial Gear Oils 150
3 30
85W
100 500500
• cSt @ 40°C 80W
100 400400
SAE – Engine Oils 80 2
20
68 300
300
• cSt @100°C, cP @150°C 60 46 1 75W 200
50 200
• cP @ -10°C to -40°C 40
32 15W

SAE – Gear Oils 30 10W

100
22 85W&0W
• cSt @100°C 100
20 15 60
• cP @ -12°C to -55°C 15
10 60
10

cSt @ 40C
SUS @ 100F
 Lubricant - Specifications

• Crankcase oils - SAE numbers

• Crankcase oils - Performance
levels
• Crankcase oils – OEM
Specifications
• Viscosity classification
• Grease specification
 Major specifying
organizations
• SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers (USA)
• API - American Petroleum Institute
• US Military Specs – US - MIL – 2104 -
• CCMC – European Specification
• ISO – International Standard Organization –
ISO 3348
• NLGI – National Lubricating Grease Institute
 SAE viscosity grades for
engine oils
Designated
• With corresponding viscosity
• For high temperature application
• Warmer areas/regions
• SAE 20
• SAE 30
• SAE 40
• SAE 10
• SAE 50
• SAE 60
 SAE viscosity grades for
engine oils
Designated
• With corresponding viscosity
• For low temperature application
• Colder areas/regions
• SAE 0 W
• SAE 5 W
• SAE 10 W
• SAE 15 W
• SAE 20 W
• SAE 25 W
 SAE viscosity grades for
Mono grades - Engine Oils
Mono grades are designated
with single SAE number
SAE 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
• SAE 5W,10W, 15W,20W,25W
• Can be used either in summer season or in
winter seasons.
• Gradual shift to multi grades.
• Shift also due to lower oil consumption by
multi grades
• Available as Engine oil and Gear Oils
 SAE viscosity grades for Multi
grades - Engine Oils
Multi grades are designated
with two SAE number
Widely in use today
• SAE 10w/30, 15w/30, 25w/50
• SAE 5W/30, 20W/40
• Suitable for use in winter and summer
months or seasons
• Available in Engine oils & Gear oil
 SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity
classification – Winter Service
Low temp viscosities High temp viscosities
Engine cranking Max. Max. Temp for pumping Vis. at 100˚C, cSt High shear (cP)
SAE cPs at Temp (˚C) viscosity of 60,000 150˚C & 106 S-¹
Viscosity cP(˚C) Min
Grade Min Max
Winter Service
0W 6200@ -35 -40 3.8 - --

5W 6200@ -30 -35 3.8 -

10W 7000@ -25 -30 4.1 -
15W 7000@ -20 -25 5.6 -
20W 9500@ -15 -20 5.6 -
25W 13000@ -10 -15 9.3
 SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity
classification – Summer Service
Low temp viscosities High temp viscosities
Engine cranking Max. Temp for Vis. at 100˚C, cSt High shear (cP)
SAE Max. cPs at Temp pumping viscosity 150˚C & 106 S-¹
Viscosity (˚C) of 60,000 cP(˚C) Min Max Min
Grade

Summer Service
20 -- - 5.6 <9.3 2.6
30 -- - 9.3 <12.5 2.9
40 -- - 12.5 <16.3 3.5
40 -- - 12.5 <16.3 3.7
50 -- - 16.3 <21.9 3.7
60 -- - 21.9 <26.1 3.7
 API Automotive Gasoline Engine
Service Categories – “SA, SB,…”
Category Related Ind Engine Test Requirements
Definitions
SA Straight Min None

SB Inhibited only CRC L-4 Sequence IIA Sequence IIIA

SC 1964 Models CRC L-38 Sequence IIA Sequence IIIA

Sequence IV Sequence V Fuel -1% S
SD 1968 Models CRC L-38 Sequence IIB Sequence IIIB
Sequence IV Sequence VB Falcon Rust
Caterpillar L-1 Caterpillar IH

SE 1972 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IIB Sequence IIIC

Sequence IIID Sequence VC Sequence VD
SF 1980 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIID
Sequence IIIE Sequence VD
 API Automotive Gasoline Engine
Service Categories – “SA, SB,…”
Category Related Ind Engine Test Requirements
Definitions
SG 1989 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIIE
Sequence VE Caterpillar IH2

SH 1994 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIIE

Sequence VE
Category SA, SB, SC, SD, SE,SF,SG,SH have been declared as obsolete.

SJ 1997 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIIE

Sequence VE

SL 2001 Models Sequence IIIF Sequence IVA Sequence VG

Sequence VIII

SM 2004 Models Sequence IIIG Sequence IVA Sequence VG

Sequence VIII

Category SJ, SL, SM, are currently valid.

 API Automotive Diesel Engine
Service Categories – “CA, CB,…”
Category Related Engine Test Requirements
US Mil spec
CA MIL-L-2104A CRC L-38 Caterpillar L-1 Fuel – 0.4% S

CB MIL-L-2104A CRC L-38 Caterpillar L-1 Fuel – 0.4% S

Supplement 1
CC MIL-L-2104B CRC L-38 Sequence IID Caterpillar IH2
MIL-L-46152B
CD MIL-L-2104C/D/E, CRC L-38 Caterpillar I G2
MIL-L-45199B, Series
3
CD-II MIL-L-2104D/E CRC L-38 Caterpillar 1 G2 Detroit Diesel 6V53T
2 stroke Hvy Dty

CE None CRC L-38 Caterpillar 1 G2 Cummins NTC 400

Mack T-6 Mack T-7

CF None CRC L-38 Caterpillar 1M-PC

 API Automotive Diesel Engine
Service Categories – “CA, CB,…”
Category Related Ind Engine Test Requirements
Spec
CF-2 None CRC L-38 Detroit Diesel 6V92TA Caterpillar 1M-PC

CF-4 None CRC L-38 Cummins NTC-400 Caterpillar 1K

Mack T-7
CG-4 None CRC L-38 Sequence IIIE Caterpillar 1N
Mack T-8 RFWT
CH-4 None Mack T8E Sequence IIIE Caterpillar 1P, 1K
RFWT Mach T-9 Cummins M 11
CI-4 None RFWT Cummins M11 EGR Caterpillar 1R, 1K
EOAT Mack T-8E, T-10 Sequence IIIF
CI-4Plus None RFWT Cummins M11 EGR Caterpillar 1R, 1K
EOAT Mack T-8E, T-10,T-11 Sequence IIIF
CA to CE obsolete; CF onwards are currently valid
 ISO 3448 – Kin Vis - CSt 40˚C vs
SUS 100˚F (40˚C)
Midpoint Minimum Maximum SUS 100˚F

VG 2 2.2 1.98 2.42

VG 3 3.2 2.88 3.52
VG 5 4.6 4.14 5.06
VG 7 6.8 6.12 7.48
VG 10 10 9 11 60
VG 15 15 13.5 16.5 75
VG 22 22 19.8 24.2 105
VG 32 32 28.8 35.2 150
VG 46 46 41.4 50.6 215
 ISO 3448 – Kin Vis - CSt 40˚C
versus SUS 100˚F (40˚C)
Midpoint Minimum Maximum SUS 100˚F

VG 68 68 61.2 74.8 315

VG 100 100 90 110 465
VG 150 150 135 165 700
VG 220 220 198 242 1000
VG 320 320 288 352 1500
VG 460 460 414 506 2150
VG 680 680 612 748 3150
VG 1000 1000 900 1100 4650
VG 1500 1500 1350 1650 7000
 National Lubricating Grease
Institute - NLGI Numbers
NLGI Grade Number ASTM worked penetration 77˚F (25˚C)

000 445 - 475

00 400 - 430
0 355 - 385
1 310 - 340
2 265 - 295
3 220 - 250
4 175 - 205
5 130 - 160
6 85 - 115
Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Terima Kasih