NO NAME MATRIC CARD

1 NURUL SYUHAIDA BT MOHAMED 06DKA11F1071

2 HAZNIE AMIELYA BT HAZLAN 06DKA11F1077

3 AIDA ‘IZZATI BT ZAINAL ABIDIN 06DKA11F1067

4 NOOR HAFIZ BIN NOOR AZMAN 06DKA11F1064

 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)—more
commonly known as trash or garbage—consists
of everyday items we use and then throw away,
such as product packaging, grass clippings,
furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps,
newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries.

 This comes from our homes, schools, hospitals,

and businesses.
 Landfill siting is a complicated process because it
must combine social, environmental and technical
factors

 In order to consider all factors and rating criteria, a

combination of geographic information systems
and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used
to determine the best sites for disposal of
municipal solid waste (MSW)

 In order to the decision making for landfill siting a

structural hierarchy formed and the most
important criteria: surface water, sensitive
ecosystems, land cover, urban and rural areas, land
uses, distance to roads, slope and land type were
chosen according to standards and regulations.
 EPA encourages practices that reduce the amount of waste needing to
be disposed of, such as waste prevention, recycling, and composting.

1) Source reduction or waste

prevention

designing products to reduce the amount of waste that will later need
to be thrown away and also to make the resulting waste less toxic.

2)Recycling

the recovery of useful materials, such as paper, glass, plastic, and metals, from
the trash to use to make new products, reducing the amount of new raw
materials needed.
 3) Composting

involves collecting organic waste, such as food scraps and yard trimmings,
and storing it under conditions designed to help it break down naturally.
This resulting compost can then be used as a natural fertilizer.
Waste can be classified in several ways but the
following list represents a typical classification:

Biodegerable
Recycleable Inert waste
waste

Electrical &
electronic Composite Hazard waste
waste waste

Medical
Toxic waste
waste
 The composition of municipal waste varies greatly
from country to country and changes significantly
with time

 In countries which have a developed recycling culture,

the waste stream consists mainly of intractable wastes
such as plastic film, and un-recyclable packaging

 Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not

include industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical
waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge

 The term residual waste relates to waste left from

household sources containing materials that have not
been separated out or sent for reprocessing
 Landfills are engineered areas where waste is placed into the
land. Landfills usually have liner systems and other safeguards
to prevent polluting the groundwater.

 Energy Recovery from Waste is the conversion of non-recyclable

waste materials into useable heat, electricity, or fuel.

 Combustion of MSW is done to reduce the amount of landfill

space needed.

 Transfer Stations are facilities where municipal solid waste is

unloaded from collection vehicles and briefly held while it is
reloaded onto larger, long-distance transport vehicles for
shipment to landfills or other treatment or disposal facilities
 Municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLFs) receive household
waste. MSWLFs can also receive non-hazardous sludge, industrial
solid waste, and construction and demolition debris.

 Federal MSWLF standards include:

 Location restrictions—ensure that landfills are built in suitable

geological areas away from faults, wetlands, flood plains, or other
restricted areas.

 Composite liners requirements—include a flexible membrane

(geomembrane) overlaying two feet of compacted clay soil lining
the bottom and sides of the landfill, protect groundwater and the
underlying soil from leachate releases.
 Leachate collection and removal systems—sit
on top of the composite liner and removes
leachate from the landfill for treatment and
disposal.

 Operating practices—include compacting and

covering waste frequently with several inches
of soil help reduce odor; control litter, insects,
and rodents; and protect public health.

 Groundwater monitoring requirements—

requires testing groundwater wells to
determine whether waste materials have
escaped from the landfill.
 Closure and postclosure care requirements—
include covering landfills and providing long-
term care of closed landfills.

 Corrective action provisions—control and clean

up landfill releases and achieves groundwater
protection standards.

 Financial assurance—provides funding for

environmental protection during and after
landfill closure (i.e., closure and postclosure
care).
HAZARD SOURCE MEDIUM OF
EXPOSURE
Acid gases Flare / engine emissions Inhalation exposure
Toxic organic micropollutants Flare / engine emissions Inhalation or ingestion
exposure
Organic (including volatile organic Flare / engine emissions Inhalation exposure
compound and other gases)
Bulk gases (ie methane), volatile organic Leachate/surface water runoff Inhalation or ingestion
compounds and other gases exposure
Particulates, metals and toxic organic Landfill gas Inhalation exposure
micropollutants
Particulates, metals and toxic organic Tipping Inhalation or ingestion
micropollutants exposure

Bioaerosols Waste in vehicles Ingestion exposure

Bioaerosols Tipping Inhalation exposure
Organic (including volatile organic Waste in vehicles Inhalation exposure
compound and other gases
 Groundwater Contamination
 Production of Landfill Gas
 Landfill fires
 Offensive odours
 Litter
 Pests (Vermin, seagulls, flies)
 Increased traffic for duration of infilling
 Long term settlement after completion
 The impacts can differ
i. access roads damaged by heavy vehicles
ii. scavengers (rats, birds, other animals, and even
people) being killed
iii. irritants such as dust, pests, noise and odor

 pollution to the local environment

i. contaminating the groundwater and aquifers
ii. contaminating the soil
iii. producing methane.
 organizations
i. Schools
ii. housing estates
iii. government
iv. departments
v. community bodies
 implement their own waste recovery schemes
or participate in the Source Separation of Waste
Programme organized by EPD
 sell or give the recovered materials to waste
collectors or other waste dealers
 When organic material such as food scraps and
green waste is put in landfill, it is generally
compacted down and covered.

 This removes the oxygen and causes it to break

down in an anaerobic process

 Methane is a greenhouse gas that is 21 times more

powerful than carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Greenhouse gasses are cause of global warming.

LEACHATE TOXINS

 Leachate is the liquid  Many materials that end up

formed when waste as waste contain toxic
breaks down in the substances.
landfill and water filters  These toxins leach into our
soil and groundwater, and
through that waste. become environmental
 This liquid is highly hazards.
toxic and can pollute  Electronic waste is a good
example.
i. the land
 Televisions, computers and
ii. ground water other electronic appliances
iii. water ways contain a long list of
hazardous substances
 Including mercury, arsenic,
cadmium, PVC, solvents,
acids and lead.
 Waste materials are recovered at different points
along the waste collection and disposal routes

 The materials recovered usually bear good market

values

 The majority of these waste collectors collect more

than one kind of recyclables, whereas the recyclers
and reprocessors usually handle only one kind of
recyclables.
 waste generators (mainly industrial waste
generators)
 separate recyclables from their waste as it is
economic to do so by selling the recovered
materials directly to waste dealers

 “scavengers”, including the workers of waste

collection services
 separate valuable materials from the mixed waste
and sell the recovered materials to waste
collectors for further processing