The Evolution of Vaccines

and Cancer Research

Amanda DeBarros and Chloe
Biggs
Why Should You Care About Our Project?

● Herd immunity

● Health education outreach

● Pseudoscience

● Cancer - one of the leading chronic

illnesses resulting in death

● Personal connections

Figure 1: [Heart monitor]. (2017, June 18). Retrieved April 23, 2018, from
https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/66595/observatory-for-national-health-indicators
Popular Culture and Vaccines

● Misinformation

● Compulsory child vaccinations trends

● Autism and MMRs

Pseudoscience

Figure 2: Niddy, C. (2015,

February 16). Pseudoscience
Science Rap. Retrieved April
23, 2018, from
https://youtu.be/33bHZXQlM9
w
Wakefield Study

Figure 3:
Wakefield Study

● 1998 fraudulent, bias, and retracted British study

● Correlation, not causation

● Signs of ASD at 12-18 months, diagnosed at 24 months (CDC)

● 1st dose: 12 -15 months of age & 2nd dose: 4 -6 years of age

● The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program

The Importance of Compulsory Vaccination
● Amusement Park
(Disneyland)

● Individuals infected did not

have MMR vaccine

● Multi-state outbreak

● Caused by a traveler who got

Figure 4: CNN. (2015, February 2). Measles outbreak in North America [Digital image]. Retrieved April 23, 2018,
measles overseas
from https://www.cnn.com/2015/02/02/health/cdc-january-measles-report-disney/index.html
Why some people are against vaccination:

● Misinformation

● Cost

● Needles

● Occasional adverse reaction

How Viruses Can Be Spread?

● Droplets (sneezing)

● Through needles (infecting blood)

● Open lesions

● Touching fomites with the virus on it

How do Vaccines Work?
Can be...

● Passively acquired

○ Rabies virus and antibodies from horses (immediate protection)

● Active acquired

○ Dead form of virus antibodies and your antibodies (takes days to weeks to activate)

● Innate Immunity

○ Barrier defenses (nonspecific)

The First Vaccination

● Cowpox introduced to

James Phipp

● Develop mild case

● Immunity

Figure 5 Jenner’s First Vaccination.

Source: [Jenner's First Vaccine]. (2010). Retrieved March 1, 2018,
from http://timelines.tv/smPox/more/spread5.html
A Look Into the History of Vaccines: Link to timeline

Figure 6: N. (2013, February 21). Smallpox keep out of this house

[Jpg]. San Francisco: Buckley & Curtin.
Figure 7 Vaccine Research and Development
Source: International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations. (2013). Vaccine Research and Development [Digital image]. Retrieved March 1, 2018, from https://www.ifpma.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/01/1_Vaccine_R_D-A4.pdf
 Complexity and Cost of Vaccine
Manufacture Average cost of 1st year

vaccinations: $620

Average cost of all adolescent

vaccinations: $1,170

Figure 8 Source: Plotkin, S., Robinson, J. M., Cunningham, G., Iqbal, R., & Larsen, S. (2017, July 24). The complexity and cost of vaccine manufacturing – An overview. Retrieved
March 15, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518734/
Cost of Common Adult Vaccines to Consumer

Figure 9 Source: CDC. (2018, March 01). Vaccines for Children Program (VFC). Retrieved March 15, 2018, from
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/awardees/vaccine-management/price-list/index.html
 Social Immunity
● Concept known as social immunization

● Ants lick the contagion off of their

neighbors in order to clean them

● Provides a natural “vaccine” among the

herd to protect the colony

● As they groom each other, infrabuccal

pockets found in their mouths kill off the
fungal spores; they later spit out the
bacteria

Figure 10: Elstad, L. (2012, April 3). [Ant]. Retrieved April 17, 2018, from
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ants-social-immune-system/
 Figure 11: Cancer Treatment Centers of America. (n.d.). What is cancer? [Digital image]. Retrieved March 15,
2018, from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi
ZiO_j7-_ZAhXL2VMKHYjfCckQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https://www.cancercenter.com/video/what-is-

What is Cancer?
cancer/anatomy-of-cancer/&psig=AOvVaw3zXBcqC0XOvic9kIIyscVI&ust=1521253998389674
Figure 12: Gleesonbiology. (n.d.). [Cell Cycle Checkpoints]. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&v
ed=2ahUKEwjZt4rk-
e_ZAhVLvlMKHWC6DhMQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http://gleesonbiology.pbworks.com/w/page/
7537859/C9&psig=AOvVaw3KK64s5EXsvJADJWMDDdwd&ust=1521256590181594
Figure: 13 Wong, E. (n.d.). The Cycle and Implications
for Cancer Genetics [Digital image]. Retrieved March
15, 2018, from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&
source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKE
wiC7tGC8e_ZAhVDyVMKHZMoCG8QjRx6BAgAE
AU&url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/53100261229
8397987/&psig=AOvVaw3KK64s5EXsvJADJWMD
Ddwd&ust=1521256590181594
 ● Loss of DNA “proofreading”

Figure 14: Pearson Education. (n.d.). [Colon cancer at a cellular level]. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from
https://sharonap-cellrepro-p2.wikispaces.com/Cancer
 Research for the Cure

Figure 15: Charlotte Daily Observer. (1912, January 31). A Cure for Cancer. Charlotte Observer, p. 4. Retrieved April 10, 2018, from
http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/image/v2:11260DC9BB798E30@WHNPX-113F9908F3CE1D90@2419433- Figure 16: Nobel Lectures. (2014). Paul Ehrlich [Digital image]. Retrieved April 17, 2018,
113F99098E198710@3-113F990C494B0740@A Cure for Cancer?p=WORLDNEWS from https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html
What Are T-Cells?
● Part of adaptive immunity

● Sensitized to specific tumor antigen

● Creates T-cells that attack cancer cells

● More targeted than chemotherapy

● Extremely specialized treatment

 Cancer “Vaccine” Eliminates Tumors in Mice

Figure 17: Source: Conger, K. (1970, January 31). Cancer 'vaccine' eliminates tumors in mice. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from
https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/01/cancer-vaccine-eliminates-tumors-in-mice.html
Figure 18: CDC. (2018, March 08). Immunization Schedules. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-
read/child.html
Figure 19: CDC. (2018, March 08). Immunization Schedules. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/preteen-teen.html
Figure 20: CDC. (2018, March 08). Immunization Schedules. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/adult.html
Cancer Cure Conspiracy

Figure 21: Cannon, M. (2007, October 24). Is There Really a Conspiracy to Suppress Cancer Cures?[Cartoon]. Retrieved April 17,
2018, from https://www.cancertreatmentwatch.org/q/conspiracy.shtml
What Do You Think?
 References
● Cancer Treatment Centers of America. (n.d.). What is cancer? [Digital image]. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiZiO_j7-
_ZAhXL2VMKHYjfCckQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https://www.cancercenter.com/video/what-is-cancer/anatomy-of-cancer/&psig=AOvVaw3zXBc
● Cannon, M. (2007, October 24). Is There Really a Conspiracy to Suppress Cancer Cures?[Cartoon]. Retrieved April 17, 2018, from
https://www.cancertreatmentwatch.org/q/conspiracy.shtml
● CDC. (2018, March 08). Immunization Schedules. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/adult.html
● CDC. (2018, March 08). Immunization Schedules. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child.html
● CDC. (2018, March 08). Immunization Schedules. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/preteen-teen.html
● CDC. (2018, March 01). Vaccines for Children Program (VFC). Retrieved March 15, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/awardees/vaccine-management/price-
list/index.html
● Charlotte Daily Observer. (1912, January 31). A Cure for Cancer. Charlotte Observer, p. 4. Retrieved April 10, 2018, from
http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/image/v2:11260DC9BB798E30@WHNPX-113F9908F3CE1D90@2419433-113F99098E198710@3-113F990C494B0740@A Cure
for Cancer?p=WORLDNEWS
● CNN. (2015, February 2). Measles outbreak in North America [Digital image]. Retrieved April 23, 2018, from https://www.cnn.com/2015/02/02/health/cdc-january-measles-report-
disney/index.html
● Conger, K. (1970, January 31). Cancer 'vaccine' eliminates tumors in mice. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/01/cancer-vaccine-
eliminates-tumors-in-mice.html
● Elstad, L. (2012, April 3). [Ant]. Retrieved April 17, 2018, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ants-social-immune-system/
● Gleesonbiology. (n.d.). [Cell Cycle Checkpoints]. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjZt4rk-
e_ZAhVLvlMKHWC6DhMQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http://gleesonbiology.pbworks.com/w/page/7537859/C9&psig=AOvVaw3KK64s5EXsvJADJWMDDdwd&ust=1521256590181
594
● [Jenner's First Vaccine]. (2010). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from http://timelines.tv/smPox/more/spread5.html
● [Heart monitor]. (2017, June 18). Retrieved April 23, 2018, from https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/66595/observatory-for-national-health-indicators
● International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations. (2013). Vaccine Research and Development [Digital image]. Retrieved March 1, 2018, from
https://www.ifpma.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1_Vaccine_R_D-A4.pdf
● N. (2013, February 21). Smallpox keep out of this house [Jpg]. San Francisco: Buckley & Curtin.
● Nobel Lectures. (2014). Paul Ehrlich [Digital image]. Retrieved April 17, 2018, from https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html
● Pearson Education. (n.d.). [Colon cancer at a cellular level]. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from https://sharonap-cellrepro-p2.wikispaces.com/Cancer
● Wong, E. (n.d.). The Cycle and Implications for Cancer Genetics [Digital image]. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiC7tGC8e_ZAhVDyVMKHZMoCG8QjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https://
www.pinterest.com/pin/531002612298397987/&psig=AOvVaw3KK64s5EXsvJADJWMDDdwd&ust=1521256590181594
● Plotkin, S., Robinson, J. M., Cunningham, G., Iqbal, R., & Larsen, S. (2017, July 24). The complexity and cost of vaccine manufacturing – An overview. Retrieved March 15, 2018,
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518734/
Peer Review