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SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION
Crime Scene
Investigation
Forensic Science
Definition: The application of scientific technology to
supply accurate and objective information reflecting
the events that occurred at a crime.
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Branches of Forensic Science
Physical science: Using chemistry, physics,
and geology to ID and compare crime scene
evidence
Biology: blood, body fluids, hairs and fibers,
entomology
Pathology, psychology, odontology, any many
more!
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CORPUS DELICTI
“Body of the Crime”
You must prove:
that a crime occurred
that the person charged with the crime was responsible for the crime
Source of Evidence
Body
Primary and/or Secondary Crime Scene
Suspect(s)
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4 Major FEDERAL Crime Labs:
FBI
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives (ATF)
US Postal Inspection Service
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General Crime Lab Services
and the materials each unit analyzes
Physical Science Unit: drugs, glass, paint, explosives,
etc
Biology Unit: blood and other bodily fluids
Firearms Unit: ballistics, comparisons
Document Examination Unit: handwriting,
typewriting, questioned documents (ransom notes, etc)
Photography Unit: record all phyhsical evidence.
Toxicology Unit: presence/absence of drugs
Latent Fingerprint Unit: fingerprints
Pathology Unit-
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Forensic Pathology
Investigation of sudden unnatural, unexplained
or violent deaths
Answer the questions:
Who is the victim?
What are the injuries, when did they occur, and
how were they produced?
5 manners of death: natural, homicide, suicide,
accident, undetermined
GO TO SLIDE 25…..
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Crime Scene Team
A group of professionals investigators, each trained in a variety of
special disciplines.
Team Members
First Police Officer on the scene
Medics (if necessary)
Investigator(s)
Medical Examiner (if necessary)
Photographer and/or Field Evidence Technician
Lab Experts
pathologist serologist
DNA expert toxicologist
forensic odontologist forensic anthropologist
forensic psychologist forensic entomologist
firearm examiner bomb and arson expert
document and handwriting experts fingerprint expert
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INVESTIGATORS
“The wise forensic investigator will always
remember that he must bring all of his life
experiences and logic to find the truth. This
means common sense, informed intuition, and
the courage to see things as they are. Then he
must speak honestly about what it adds up to.”
Dr. Henry Lee
Chief Emeritus for Scientific Services and the former Commissioner of Public Safety for
the state of Connecticut
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First Officer
at the Scene
A Assess the crime scene
D Detain the witness
A Arrest the perpetrator
P Protect the crime scene
T Take notes
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Eye Witness
“Perception is reality.”
As a result an eye witness may
not be the best source of
crime scene information.
A police composite may be
developed from the witness
testimony by a computer
program or forensic artist.
Faces Composite Program
by InterQuest
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Crime Scene
Search Patterns
TWO of FOUR PATTERNS
Spiral Grid
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Crime Scene
Search Patterns
TWO of FOUR PATTERNS
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Crime Scene
Sketch
Date: August 14, 2001 Criminalist: Ann Wilson
Time: 11:35 Location: 4358 Rockledge Dr
St. Louis, Mo.
A. Couch/sofa
E
B. Female body c
D
C. Knife
G
D. Over turned Lamp A
E. Chairs E
F. Table E
E
G. Fireplace F E
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Crime Scene Mapping
(outdoors)
Azimuth--uses a compass beam to determine
the location of each piece of evidence
Triangulation--uses two points at the crime
scene to map each piece of evidence
Coordinate or grid--divides the crime scene into
squares for mapping.
Suspended Polar Coordinate--for use in
mapping evidence in a hole
Baseline--set a north/south line and measures
each piece of evidence from this line. 18
AZIMUTH
Determines:
•Direction
•Distance
•Elevation
TRIANGULATION
Measure from A to B
and then to the
evidence in a
triangular shape.
Coordinate or
Grid Mapping
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Chemical Evidence
Fibers Paper
Glass Ink
Soil Cosmetics
Gunpowder Paint
Metal Plastic
Mineral Lubricants
Narcotics Fertilizer
Drugs
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Physical (impression)
Fingerprints Printing
Footprints Number restoration
Shoe prints Tire marks
Handwriting Tool marks
Firearms Typewriting
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Miscellaneous
Laundry marks Photography
Voice analysis Stress evaluation
Polygraph Pyscholinguistic analysis
Vehicle identification
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Physical Evidence (cont)
Conditional Evidence--produced by
a specific event or action; important
in crime scene reconstruction and in
determining the set of circumstances
within a particular event.
Light--headlight; lighting
conditions
Smoke--color, direction of travel,
density, odor
Fire--color and direction of the
flames, speed of spread,
temperature and condition of fire
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Conditional Evidence (cont.)
Location--of injuries or wounds; of bloodstains; of the
victims vehicle;of weapons or cartridge cases; of
broken glass, etc.
Vehicles--doors locked or unlocked, windows opened
or closed; radio off or on (station); odometer mileage
Body--position; types of wounds; rigor, livor and algor
mortis
Scene--condition of furniture, doors and windows; any
disturbance or signs of a struggle.
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Evidence
Characteristics
Class--common to a group of objects or persons
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Medical Examiner vs
the Coroner
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Medical Examiner’s
Responsibilities
Identify the deceased
Establish the time and date of death
Determine a medical cause of death--the injury or disease that resulted in
the person dying
Determine the mechanism of death--the physiological reason that the
person died
Classify the manner of death
Natural
Accidental
Suicide
Homicide
Undetermined
Notify the next of kin
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THE BODY
Rigor Mortis
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THE BODY
Livor Mortis
Livor mortis is the settling of the blood, causing the skin
to change colors.
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Time Frame of Death
Condition Appearance
Peripheryblood drying 30 min to 2 hrs
Blue-green discoloration of skin
Right and left area of abdomen 24 hours
Entire abdomen 36 hours
Bloating 36 to 48 hours
Skinslippage 4 to7 days
Absence of smell from bones more than 1 year
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Time Frame of Death
Eyeball Changes
Condition Appearance
Cornea drying (eyes open) minutes
Cornea drying (eyes closed) 2 hours
Corneal cloudiness (eyes open) less than 2 hours
Corneal cloudiness (eyes closed) 12 to 24 hours
Eyeball collapse more than 24 hrs
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THEREFORE,
One can die of a massive hemorrhage (the
mechanism of death) due to a fall (cause of death) as a
result of being pushed (homicide), jumping (suicide),
falling (accident), or not being able to tell which
(undetermined). All of which are manners of death.
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CRIME
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Forensic Investigations
Include some or all of these seven major activities
Recognition--ability to distinguish important
evidence from unrelated material
Pattern recognition
Physical property observation
Information analysis
Field-testing
Preservation--collection and proper preservation of
evidence
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Investigations (cont)
Identification--use of scientific testing
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Morphological (structural) properties
Biological properties
Immunological properties
Comparison--class characteristics are measured against
those of know standards or controls; If all
measurements are equal, then the two samples are
considered to have come from the same source or
origin.
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Investigations (cont.)
Individualization--demonstrating that the sample is
unique, even among members of the same class.
Interpretation--gives meaning to all the information
Reconstruction--reconstructs the case events
Inductive and deductive logic
Statistical data
Pattern analysis
Results of laboratory analysis