Microwave and Satellite

Communication
Dr Khaleda Ali Email:khaleda.eee@du.ac.bd
Spring 2018
RADAR
 Radar is an active device in that it carries its own transmitter and
does not depend on ambient radiation, as do most optical and
infrared sensors. Radar can detect relatively small targets at near or
far distances and can measure their range with precision in all
weather, which is its chief advantage when compared with other
sensors.
 A radar operates by radiating electromagnetic energy and detecting the echo
returned from reflecting objects (targets).
 The nature of the echo signal provides information about the target.
 The range, or distance, to the target is found from the time it takes for the
radiated energy to travel to the target and back.
 The angular location of the target is found with a directive antenna (one with a
narrow beamwidth) to sense the angle of arrival of the echo signal.
 If the target is moving, a radar can derive its track, or trajectory, and predict the
future location. T
Simple block diagram of a radar employing
a power amplifier transmitter and a
superheterodyne receiver
 The radar signal, usually a repetitive train of short pulses, is generated by the transmitter
and radiated into space by the antenna.The duplexer permits a single antenna to be time-
shared for. Reflecting objects (targets) intercept and reradiate a portion of the radar signal,
a small amount of which is returned in the direction of the radar. The returned echo signal
is collected by the radar antenna and amplified by the receiver. If the output of the radar
receiver is sufficiently large, detection of a target is said to occur. A radar generally
determines the location of a target in range and angle, but the echo signal also can provide
information about the nature of the target. The output of the
 receiver may be presented on a display to an operator who makes the decision
 as to whether or not a target is present, or the receiver output can be processed by
electronic means to automatically recognize the presence of atarget and to establish a track
O the target from detections made over a period of time. With automatic detection and
track (ADT) the operator usually ispresented with the processed target track rather than
the raw radar detections.In some applications, the processed radar output might be used to
directly control a system (such as a guided missile) without any operator intervention.
 The transmitting antenna emits electromagnetic radiation, a portion of which is
reflected back by the target. The receiving antenna receives this reflected energy
and delivers it to the receiver. The receiver processes this energy to detect the
presence of the target and to extract its location, relative velocity, and other
information. The energy emitted by the radar is usually in the form of a train of
narrow, rectangular-shaped pulses
The reflected energy is received at the
radar TR seconds after sending the
pulse. Then , the distance or range R to
the target is given by
 usually a number of pulses are sent at regular
intervals, (a) the first pulse, after being reflected
from the target, is received by the radar before
the second pulse is transmitted.
 There will be no ambiguity here as the reflected
pulse can be easily identified as a reflection of the
first pulse.
 But if the reflection of the first pulse is received
after the second pulse has been transmitted them
This may cause some confusion since the radar,
without any additional information, cannot
determine whether the received signal is a
reflection of the first pulse or of the second pulse.
 This leads to an ambiguity in determining the
range. Note that this ambiguity does not arise if
in which case the reflection of the first pulse is always received before the
second pulse is transmitted. Thus, the maximum range or distance of the target
which does not cause any ambiguity is given by

This is known as the maximum unambiguous range of the radar.

Consider a radar with pulse repetition frequency 1000 Hz. (a) Find the time
duration between two pulses. (b) Suppose an echo from a distant object is
received 20 μ sec after a pulse is transmitted, what is the distance of the object
from the radar? (c) Is there a second -time-around echo from this object?

The pulse repetition frequency fp = 1000 Hz. (a) The time duration
between pulses is given by
Radar Equation