• Subject Name: DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEMS

• Subject Code: 10EC82

• Prepared By: Farha Kowser, Aparna P

• Department: Electronics and Communication

Engineering

• Date:

06/4/2015
 UNIT 6
SWITCHING SYSTEM
SOFTWARE

06/4/2015
 • Introduction
• Basic software architecture
• Call Models
• Software linkages during a call
• Feature flow diagram.

06/4/2015
 Introduction:

The basic software architecture of a typical digital

switch, classifies various types of software, describes
a basic call model and software linkages that are
required during a call, and discusses some basic call
features.

06/4/2015
 Operating Systems
• Every digital switching system has an operating system as a
part of its software architecture.
• An operating system (OS) may be defined as software that
manages the resources of a computer system or controls and
tasks other pro- grams.
• . In theory there are different types of operating systems,
classified as serial batch systems, multiprogramming systems,
timesharing systems, and the real-time systems. The operating
systems employed by digital switching systems are real-time
operating systems.

06/4/2015
 Basic software architecture of a typical digital
switching system

06/4/2015
 • Basic software architecture of a typical digital switching
system Therefore, it is conceivable for a digital switching
system to employ more than one OS.
• Kernel. The kernel or the nucleus of an operating system
comprises those functions of an OS that are most primitive to
the environment. It usually supports the following functions.
• - Process control and scheduling - Main memory management
• - Input/output control of requests for terminals and buffers
• - Domain protection of main memory read/write operations
etc.

06/4/2015
 Database Management

• The databases that are employed in digital switching systems

are usually relational and sometimes distributed.
• A record in a relational database is flat, i.e., a simple two-
dimensional arrangement of data elements.
• A good example of a relational database system in a digital
switching system is a database system that keeps cross-
references of all directory numbers that are assigned to the line
equipment of subscribers.

06/4/2015
 • Each NCP has a replica of the subscriber database for
all other NCPs. Depending on the type of call, a NCP
may be required to route calls through other NCPs.
To accomplish this, the database information for all
NCPs needs to be distributed and always kept
synchronized.

06/4/2015
 Software Architecture for Level 1 Control
Level 1 is the lowest level of control. This level is usually
associated with lines, trunks, or other low-level functions.
Most of the software at this level is part of the switching
software.
Software Architecture for Level 2 Control
The intermediate or level 2 controls are usually associated with
network controllers that may contain distributed databases,
customer data, and service circuit routines. Obviously these
functions are digital switching architecture- dependent; many
switching functions could be assigned at this level of control.

06/4/2015
 Software Architecture for Level 3 Control
The highest or level 3 control is usually associated with
the central processor of a digital switching system.
Normally these processors are mainframe type
computers. Usually, the CP of a digital switching
system provides all high- level functions. These high-
level functions include the management of the data-
base system for office data, high-level subscriber data,
software patch levels, feature control

06/4/2015
 Digital Switching System Software Classification

• The basic software functionality of a digital switching system

can be divided into five basic elements, and other functions
can be derived from these basic elements:
• - Switching software
• - Maintenance software - Office data
• - Translation data - Feature software
• Switching Software. The most important layer of software for
a digital switching system usually comprises
• - Call processing software
• - Switching fabric control software - Network control software
• - Periphery control software
06/4/2015
 Classification of digital switch software

06/4/2015
 A basic call model

06/4/2015
 Connect sequence
• The connect sequence consists of software routines that scan the
line and detect request for originations.
• Once the line equipment informs the line scanning program that a
line has gone off-hook this is a request for dial tone.
• It will pass the control to the test line program. The function of this
program is to test the presence of false ground, high voltage, line
cross and other conditions.
• After these tests dial tone is returned to the subscriber, signaling the
customer to start dialing.
• Once the switch detects the start of dialing , the dial tone is removed
and a digit receiver is attached to the line equipment.
• After receiving correct number, Switching fabric establish the talking
path. After this the ringing service circuits attached to the called
party. When the called party answers the call automatic message
accounting for billing the call is started

06/4/2015
 Software linkages required during a
typical call

06/4/2015
 Software linkages required during a typical call
• The line control programs scan the status of lines via the LMs and report
the status to the network status program, Which in turn works with the
network control programs.
• The line control program also works with line service circuit programs is
providing the dial tone, digit receivers and ringing circuits.
• The network control program orders network connection through the
switching fabric when a subscriber goes off-hook.and completes the dialing
of all digits for a call.
• The call processing programs are responsible for call processing functions
and interface with the feature programs, translation and office data,
automatic message accounting and maintenance pgms.
• The maintenance programs are responsible for system recovery ,system
diagnostics, back up and other maintenance related functions.

06/4/2015
 Simplified flow diagram for call-
forwarding (CF) feature

06/4/2015
 Simplified flow diagram for call-forwarding (CF)
feature
• The feature is activated when the customer goes off-hook and dials an
activation code.
• The software checks for the correct validation code. If the code is wrong
the subscriber does not get the second dial tone.
• If the code is correct the subscriber will get second dial tone and is allowed
to dial the call forwarding number.
• The number is rung once, and the number is stored in the system memory
for future use.
• The feature operation : If the subscriber receives a call on the line that has
the CF feature activated.
• The systems rings the called subscriber once and then forwards the call to a
number previously stored.
• The feature can be deactivated by dialing the deactivation code. If it is
correct CF is deactivated. Otherwise request is ignored.

06/4/2015