Determination of the

equilibrium constant
from the calorimetric
titration.
 CHEMICAL REACTION

The chemical reaction is that chemical process in which

two or more substances, called reagents, by the action
of an energy factor, are converted into other
substances designated as products.
 TYPE OF REACTIONS

 EXOTERMIC REACTION: It is that chemical reaction that releases heat

energy to the environment that surrounds it as it passes, therefore increases
the temperature of the surroundings of the system where the reaction
occurs. The heat released is due to the fact that the enthalpy of the products
is lower than the enthalpy (▲ H) of the reactants.
Correspond to this type, the combustion reactions, the acid-base
neutralization reactions, and in general the addition reactions.

 ENDOTHERMIC REACTION: The elements absorb energy from the system

so that the nuclear reaction can be carried out. This means that by taking
thermal energy (heat), the reaction in question is produced or accelerated.
 CALORIMETRY

 Calorimetry is the part of physics that is

responsible for the measurement of heat in
a chemical reaction or a change of state
using an instrument called a calorimeter.

 The calorimeter is an instrument used to

measure the amounts of heat supplied or
received by the bodies.
 HEAT TYPES

 HEAT OF TRAINING
Amount of heat involved during the formation of a mole of a substance from its elementary
components.
 HEAT OF SOLUTION
Heat generated or absorbed when a certain amount of solute dissolves in a certain amount
of solvent.
 HEAT OF DILUTION
Change of heat associated with the dilution process.
 COMBUSTION HEAT
The amount of heat involved when a molecule is completely oxidized.

 HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION
The amount of heat involved when the equivalent of an acid and that of the base form water
and salt.
Experimental procedure

1. PREPARE 10 ml OF HCL SOLUTION WHICH CONTAINS 2 MOLES

OF HCL.
2. PREPARE 10 ML OF ETHANOL SOLUTION(C2H6O) WITH 1 MOLE
OF C2H6O.

3. TRANSFER THE ETHANOL SOLUTION INTO A

CONICAL FLASK AND CLOSE IT WITH A PLUG.

4. TRANSFER THE HCL SOLUTION INTO A SYRINGE

AND COMPLETE THE SYSTEM WITH A THERMOMETER
AND A HEATING PLATE AND A MAGNETIC STIRRER.
5. MEASURE THE INITIAL TEMPERATURE (T0) AND WRITE IT DOWN.

6. START AGITATION

7. ADD 0.1 MOL OF HCL SOLUTION TO THE ETHANOL FLASK,

MEASURE TEMPERATURE AFTER 10 SECONDS.

8. REPEAT PREVIOUS STEP EVERY 10 SECONDS, ADDING 0.1 MOL OF HCL SOLUTION UNTIL
COMPLETING THE 2 MOLES(20 MEASUREMENTS). WRITE DOWN EVERY TEMPERATURE.
 CALCULATIONS

 CALCULATE ΔH FOR THE INITIAL TEMPERATURE, FOR ETHANOL.

ΔH= m Cp ΔT
 CALCULATE ΔH FOR EACH OF THE INJECTION POINTS TAKING INTO
ACCOUNT THE FOLLOWING EQUATION.
ΔHT= [ (m*Cp)EtOH+(m*Cp)HCL]ΔT
 PERFORM THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS.
DHi/dt y dHi/dn
 CALCULATE THE REASON OR RELATION OF ADDITIONAL MOLDS OF
ETHANOL AND HCl IN THE SYSTEM
R=mol HCl/ mol EtOH
Analysis of the results
Analysis of
the table
HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE POSSIBLE
DATA TO OBTAIN EXPERIMENTALLY
BASED ON THEORY AND CALCULATIONS
Isothermal titration calorimetric analysis on solubilization of an octane oil-in-
water emulsion in surfactant micelles and surfactant–anionic polymer complexes
  Introduction

 It is known that surfactant micelles are capable of solubilizing nonpolar

molecules into their hydrophobic interiors and transporting them across an
aqueous phase in which they are normally insoluble. The solubilization
mechanisms of various surfactants have been extensively investigated . There
are two different mechanisms that have been proposed to describe the
molecular dynamics of oil molecule transfer from emulsion droplets to
surfactant micelles . The first mechanism introduces a molecular pathway, by
which a direct solubilization of oil molecules in the bulk phase takes place
followed by an uptake in micelles. The second mechanism introduces a micelle-
mediated pathway, that is, a collision of micelles with the surface of emulsion
droplets, leading to an incorporation of oil molecules into the micelles.
  Isothermal titration calorimetry

 An isothermal titration calorimeter (Nano ITC 2G, TA Instruments, MA, USA) was used
to assess the thermodynamics of the solubilization of an octane emulsion in
surfactant and surfactant–polymer solutions at 28 °C. Fifty aliquots of 5 μL of the
octane-in-water emulsion (10 wt% octane, 0.2 wt% surfactant in water) were injected
sequentially into a 996 μL titration cell initially containing either 0.2 wt% surfactant
or 0.2 wt% surfactant and 0.0025 wt% carboxylmethyl cellulose solution.
 Results and discussion

 Interactions of octane emulsion and surfactant/surfactant–polymer solutions

 In this series of experiments we examined the enthalpy changes upon octane
solubilization in surfactant or surfactant–polymer mixtures using ITC.