10EE761 –

Power System Planning

Unit -1
Introduction to Power System
Planning
Prepared by
Dr.M.Srinivasan, Prof./EEE , NIT-R
 THE ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS
Regulations shape and influence the functions and
processes. The regulations generally concern,
1. Price setting: consumer tariff, wheeling charges, long-
term bulk-power Purchase agreements.
2. Quality of service standard and monitoring.
3. Compliance with public service obligations.
4. Dealing with consumer complaints.
5. Ensuring fair and open competition or the harnessing
of competitive forces, as appropriate.
6. Monitoring investment in and repair of infrastructure.
7. Third party use of networks.
 Contd.,
• The current regulations enacted by the
Government of India are primarily administered
by CEA in its role as technical and economic
advisor to the Minister of Power, with input from
state, regional and central government entities.
• For example, there is need for rules regarding
transmission access to private generators and for
checking the potential for anticompetitive use of
monopoly power.
• Tariff regulations at the bulk power level are
primarily covered under section 43A of the
Electricity (Supply) Act of 1948.
ELECTRICITY ACTS
• INDlAN TELEGRAPHICACT, 1885
This act covers the privileges and powers of the
government to place the telegraphic lines and
posts. Penalties and certain other
supplementary provisions regarding electric
power lines.
 INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT, 1910
This is an act to amend the law relating to the supply and use of
electrical energy.
It regulates:
1. Licences: Grant of licences; revocation or amendment of licences;
purchase of undertakings; annual account of licensees.
2. Works: Provision as to opening and breaking up of streets, railways
and tramways; notice of new works; laying of supply lines; notice to
telegraph authority; overhead lines; compensation for damage.
3. Supply: Point of supply; powers of lincences to enter premises,
restrictions on licensees; obligation on licensees to supply energy;
powers of the state governments to give direction to a licensee, power
to control the distribution and consumption of energy; discontinuance
of supply to consumers; meters.
4. Transmission and Use of Energy by Non-licensees: sanctions
required by non-licensees in certain cases; control of transmission and
use of energy.
Contd.,
5. General Protective Clause: Protection of railways, aerodromes,
canals, docks and piers; protection of telegraphic and electric
signal lines; notice of accidents and enquiries; prohibition of
connection with earth and power to government to interfere in
certain cases of default.
6. Administration and Rules: Advisory boards; appointment of
electrical inspectors.
7. criminal Offences and Procedure: Theft of energy; penalty for
maliciously wasting energy or injuring works; penalty for
unauthorized supply of energy by non-licensees; penalty for
illegal or defective supply or for non-compliance with order;
penalty for interference with meters or licensee's works and for
improper use of energy; offences by companies; institution of
prosecution.
8. supplementary Provisions: Exercise in certain cases of power
of telegraph authority; arbitration; recovery of sums; delegation
of certain functions of the state government to the inspection
staff; protection for acts done in good faith; amendment of Land
Acquisition Act, 1884;repeals and savings.
 THE ELECTRICITY (SUPPLY ACT) ACT, 1948
This act rationalizes the production and supply of electricity and
generally provides for taking measures conducive to its
development. It provides for:
1. The Central Electricity Authority: Constitution ; powers to
require accounts, statistics and returns; direction of
central government to the Authority; power of central
government to make rules; powers of Authority to make
regulations.
2. State electricity boards, generating companies; state
electricity consultative councils and local advisory
committees; constitution and composition of state
electricity boards; interstate agreement to extend board's
jurisdiction to another state; formation, objects,
jurisdiction etc., of generating or transmission companies.
3. Power and duties of state electricity boards and
generating or transmission company, coordination with
regional electricity boards and regional load dispatch
centres.
Contd.,
4. The board's finance accounts and audit.
5. Miscellaneous items such as effects of other
laws; water power concessions to be granted only
to the board or a generating company; coordination
between the boards and multipurpose schemes;
powers of entry; annual reports, statistics and
returns arbitration; penalties; cognizance of
offences; direction by the state government;
provision relating to income-tax; members officers
and other employees of the board to be public
servant; protection of persons acting under this act;
saving of application of Act.
 THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956
It contains 143 rules along with detailed annexure and
covers:
1. Authorization to perform duties
2. Inspection of electric installations: Creation of
inspection agency; entry and inspection; inspection fees;
appeal against an order; submission of records by
supplier or owner.
3. Licensing: Application, contents and form of draft
license; advertisement of application and contents
thereof; approval of draft licence and a notification for
grant of licence; commencement of licence; amendments
of licence; preparation and submission of accounts and
model conditions of supply.
Contd.,
4. General safety precautions: Regarding construction, installation,
Protection, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines and
apparatus; service lines and apparatus on consumer's premises;
identification of earthed conductors; accessibility of bare conductors;
provisions applicable to protective equipment; instructions for
restoration of persons suffering from electric shocks; intimation of
accidents; precautions to be adopted by consumers, owners, electrical
contractors, electrical workmen and suppliers; periodical inspection
and testing of consumer's installations.

5. General conditions relating to supply and use of energy: Testing of

consumer's installation; precaution against leakage; declared voltage
and frequency of supply; placing and sealing of energy and demand
meters; point of supply; precautions against failure of supply.

6. Electric supply lines, system and apparatus for low, medium, high
and extra high voltages: Testing of insulation resistance; connection
with earth; voltage tests systems; general conditions as to
transformation and control of energy; approval by inspector; use of
energy; pole-type substations; discharge of capacitors; supply to neo-
signs; supply to HVelectrode boiler; supply of X-ray and high frequency
installations.
Contd.,
7. Over headlines: Materials and strength; joints;
clearances and supports, erection of or alteration of
buildings; structures; conditions to apply where
telecommunication lines and power-lines can be carried
on the same supports; lines crossing; service lines;
protection against lightening; unused overhead lines.
8. Electric traction: Additional rules for electric traction;
voltage of supply; difference of potential on return;
current density in rails.: size and strengths of trolley
wires; records.
9. Additional precaution for mines and oil fields.
10. Miscellaneous Provisions. Rules relaxation by the
government; relaxation by the inspector; supply and use
of energy by non licensees and others; penalty for
breaking seal and other penalties for breach of rules;
repeal.
 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980
The Act stipulates the forest clearance
requirement for the forest area where hydro
plants (reservoir etc.), and transmission lines are
planned. The guidelines for taking power lines
through the forest area are,
1. Where routing of power lines through the
forest areas cannot be avoided, these should be
aligned in such a way that it involves the least
amount of tree cutting.
2. As far as possible, the route alignment
through forest areas should not have any line
deviation.
3. The maximum width of right-of-way for the power
lines on forest land shall be as follows:
4. Below each conductor, width clearance of 3m would
be permitted for taking the swinging of stringing
equipment.
6. In the case of lines to be constructed in hilly
areas, where adequate Clearance is already
available, trees will not be cut.
7. Where the forest growth consists of coconut
groves or similar tall trees, widths of right-of-
way greater than those indicated above may be
permitted in consultation with the CEA.
TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACTS
These acts are of interest before erecting a
plant, a substation or overhead line. It is
necessary to seek approval of planning
authorities whenever these acts are applicable
ENVIRONMENT LAWS
Environment laws such as Water (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 are
important for getting pollution clearance from
the competent authorities in case of generating
plants
LOADS
LOAD FORECASTING
1 Domestic This type of load consists mainly of lights, fans, domestic
appliances such as heaters, refrigerators, air conditioners, mixers, ovens,
heating ranges and small motors for pumping, and various other small
household appliances. The various factors are: demand factor 100 percent,
diversity factor 1.2-1.3 and load factor 10-15 percent.
2 Commercial This type of load consists mainly lighting for shops and
advertisement boarding’s, fans, air conditioning;" heating and other electrical
appliances used in commercial establishments, such as shops, restaurants,
market places, etc. The demand factor is usually 90- 100 percent, diversity
factor is 1.1-1.2 and load factor is 25-30 per cent.
3 Industrial These loads may be of the following typical power range,
4 Agriculture - This type of load is required for
supplying water for irrigation by means of
suitable pumps driven by electric motors. The
load factor is generally taken as 15-25 percent,
the diversity factor is 1-1.5 and the demand
factor is 90-100 per cent.
5 Other loads - Apart from the loads mentioned
above, there are other loads such as bulk
supplies, street light, traction and government
loads which have their own peculiar
characteristics.
 ELECTRICITY FORECASTING
Forecasting of electric load basically consists of,
• Long-term forecasting which is connected with
load growth and supply / demand side resource
management adjustments.
• Mid- / short-term forecasting which is connected
with seasonal or weather variations in a year,
weekly or daily load forecast etc.
• The planning for the addition of new generation,
transmission and distribution facilities is based on
long-term load forecasts and must begin 2-25
years in advance of the actual in service.
• In India, electricity load forecasts at the national, the
Annual Power Survey Committee under Central
Electricity Authority prepares regional and state levels.
• Load demand of states and regions must be forecasted.
The pattern of Their typical monthly load curves must
be determined and the mix of base load and peaking
power stations for efficient integrated operation must
be fixed. Locations and power station capacities must
also be identified to give optimum results.
• Tie-up of all necessary inputs; and matching
transmission and distribution systems must also be a
part of the full plan.
• Forecasting techniques must be used as tools to aid the
planner, along with good judgment and experience.
 FORECASTS TECHNIQUES WITH EXAMPLES
• 1. For extrapolation, Sheer's formula is used
which is based on the hypothesis that for
every one hundredfold increase. In per capita
generation, half will reduce the rate of growth
of power generation. The following relation
was developed after studying load growth in a
number of countries.
Where G is annual percentage growth in power
generation, U is per capita generation, and C is
constant which is 0.02 multiplied by population
growth rate plus 1.33.
The formula is used iteratively to forecast power
consumption growth for each year with the
preceding value used to forecast the next year's
growth.
2. In the end use method, the consumption of
each category is projected, based on expected
changes in production (industrial), traction,
irrigation, water works and sewerage pumping
etc. This technique is adopted where sufficient
data regarding the programme for future is
available.
3. Trend method, is suitable in case of other
sectors such as domestic, commercial and public
lighting. For example, an exponented trend
using energy consumption data in India the
calculated regression equation is shown below:
(i) The fitting of continuous mathematical
functions through actual data to achieve the
least overall error, known as regression analysis;
and
(ii) The fitting of a sequence on discontinuous
lines or curves to the data.
The second approach in the short term forecasting.
A time varying event such as power system load can
be broken down into the following four major
components,
(i) Basic trend
(ii) Seasonal variation
(iii) Cyclic variation which includes influences of
periods longer than the above and causes the load
pattern to be repeated for two or three years (or
even longer cycles)
(iv) Random variations which occur on account of
the day-to-day changes are in the case of power
systems, are usually dependent on the time of the
week, e.g., weekend, weak day, weather, etc.
 CORRELATION OF DEMAND WITH TEMPERATURE
• There is a fair amount of correlation the power system
demand with temperature. The random variations left in
demand after deseasonalizing and removal of the trend
effect are largely due to temperature variations. There are
two portions of the power system load which are
temperature dependent: domestic and commercial loads
which increase with cold on account of the use of heating
devices, and with heat which necessitates the use of fans,
coolers, air conditioner etc. resulting in load increase.
• The correlation between the seasonal demand and
temperature variations is in fact high. e removal of
temperature affects from load readings, however, still
leaves cyclic and random effects. This is because similar
weather conditions at different times of the year do not
cause similar human response. Other factors, such as wind
and rain seem important, but are hard to account for, as
the repetition of a certain set of exact weather conditions
(e.g., cold night, rain) is unlikely.
• Typical temperature demand relationship is
shown below
 FORECASTING MODELLING
Factors Affecting the Forecasting
There are many factors which influence the
prediction of load, and their influence vary from
area to area and from country to country. The
impact of any factor on load of a utility needs to
be properly examined before building a
forecasting model. The factors found to affect a
variety of utilities' load are time dependent,
weather dependent, random, and other.
Time dependent factors
• Power systems exhibit a time dependent
pattern of electric load demand. At times,
these factors are regular, irregular or random
in nature. Regular pattern is exhibited during
the time of day, day of week and week of the
year, and yearly growth.
• Irregular pattern is exhibited on holidays, weekends, special
days etc., and load requirements tend to differ on these
days than on other days. Sometimes, load requirements do
not follow any pattern because of weather or other factors
• Electric load requirements tend to depend on work rest
style of our set-up as there can be different possibilities of
electric power consumption if people are at home during
the day than if they are away at work. This implies that load
patterns are different on weekdays and weekends, with the
Possibilities of 2-4 groups, namely, weekdays, weekends,
and pre and Post-respectively.
• An analysis of past data can reveal two or more pattern of
load consumption for a week. On the same lines, load
consumption also differs on holidays, special holidays
preceding and following the weekends), and special days of
national or social importance which may require excessive
lighting loads etc.
• The impact of these holidays and special days on
load demand would depend on the extent of
public participation, impact on industrial activity,
and state-level celebrations requiring excessive
lighting load. There are seasonal variations in
hourly or daily load, due to change in daylight
hours, change in heating to cooling load or vice-
versa, typicality of load pattern of some months
etc. From the past data (typically 2-5 years),
periods in a year can be divided into time-scales
(hourly, daily etc.) which exhibit an established
load curve and others with a comparatively
variable load curve.
Weather Dependent Factors
• Weather is one of the principal causes of load variations as it affects
domestic load, public lighting, commercial loads etc. Therefore, it is
essential to choose relevant weather variables and model their
influence on power consumption. Principal weather variables found to
affect the power consumption include temperature, cloud cover,
visibility, and precipitation.
• The first two factors affect the domestic/office (e.g., heating, cooling)
loads, whereas the others affect lighting loads as they affect daylight
illumination.
• Average temperature is considered to be the most significant
dependent factor that influences load variations. However,
temperature and load are not linearly related, and variations in
temperature in one temperature range may not have any effect on the
load, whereas in other temperature ranges and/or other seasons a 1°C
change can change load demand by over one per cent. This non-linear
relation is further complicated by the influence of humidity and by the
effects of extended periods of extreme heat or cold spell.