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Chapter 7

Lymphatic System and


Immunity
Chapter 7
Sistem Limfa dan
Imunitas
Points to Ponder
• What is the connection between microbes and humans?
• What are the parts of the lymphatic system and what are their
functions?
• What are the first and second line of defense in nonspecific
immunity?
• What is cell-mediated and antibody- mediated immunity in the third
line of defense?
• What are the different types of B cells in these processes?
• What is active and passive immunity? Be able to describe how they
are different and examples of each.
• Understand allergic reactions, tissue rejection and immune system
disorders as problems that the immune system faces.
Poin-Poin Pertimbangan
• Apa hubungan antara mikroba dan manusia?
• Apa saja bagian-bagian dari sistem limfa dan apa fungsi dari
bagian-bagian tersebut?
• Apa yang menjadi pertahanan pertama dan kedua dalam
imunitas nonspesifik?
• Apa yang dimaksud dengan imunitas sel perantara dan
imunitas antibodi perantara pada tahap pertahanan ketiga
tubuh?
• Apa perbedaan antara berbagai tipe dari sel B dalam proses
pertahanan ini?
• Apa yang dimaksud dengan imunitas aktif dan pasif?
Jelaskan perbedaan antara keduanya dan berikan beberapa
contohnya.
• Memahami reaksi alergi, penolakan jaringan dan kelainan
sistem imun sebagai problem yang akan dihadapi dalam
sistem imun.
7.1 Microbes, pathogens and you

What about the interaction between


microbes and humans?
• Microbes are very abundant in the environment
and as well as in and on our bodies

• We use microbes to make many foods and we


even use them to make drugs

• Microbes are important as decomposers to


recycle nutrients

• Some microbes cause disease in humans, we


call these pathogens
7.1 Mikroba, patogen, dan anda

Bagaimana interaksi antara


mikroba dan manusia?
• Mikroba sangatlah berlimfah di dalam lingkungan
termasuk juga ada pada tubuh kita

• Kita menggunakan mikroba untuk membuat banyak


makanan dan kita juga sering menggunakannya
untuk membuat obat

• Mikroba sangatlah penting karena perannya


sebagai dekomposer/pengurai yang dapat mendaur
kembali nutrien

• Beberapa mikroba menyebabkan penyakit pada


manusia, kita menyebutnya sebagai patogen
7.1 Microbes, pathogens and you

What are microbes?


• Microbes are microscopic organisms and
particles that include:
– Bacteria
– Viruses
– Prions
– Others (fungi, multicellular parasites, single-
celled protistans)
7.1 Mikroba, pantogen, dan anda

Apa yang dimaksud dengan


Mikroba?
• Mikroba adalah organisme dan partikel
mikroskopik seperti :
– Bakteri
– Virus
– Prion
– Lainnya (fungi, multisellular parasit, protista
bersel tunggal)
7.1 Microbes, pathogens and you

How do the sizes of our cells, bacteria and


viruses compare?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.

Virus

flagella cell

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cell


cell
7.1 Mikroba, patogen, dan anda

Bagaimana perbandingan ukuran antara


sel manusia, bakteri, dan virus?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.

Virus

flagela sel

Sel Prokaryotik Sel Eukaryotik


7.1 Microbes, pathogens and you

What are bacteria?


• Prokaryotic cells
• Single-celled
• Almost all have a cell wall
• Have DNA in a single chromosome
• Have ribosomes
• Some have accessory rings of DNA called
plasmids
7.1 Mikroba, patogen, dan anda

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Bakteri??


• Sel prokariotik
• Bersel tunggal
• Hampir secara keseluruhan memiliki
dinding sel
• Memiliki DNA di dalam kromosom tunggal
• Memiliki ribosom
• Beberapa diantaranya memiliki tambahan
cincin DNA yang disebut dengan plasmid
7.1 Microbes, pathogens and you
What are specific structures and shapes
of bacteria? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.

Plasmid: Ribosome
accessory ring of
DNA that often
carries resistant Nucleoid
genes to antibodies

Sex pilus: Plasma


elongated, hollow membrane
appendage used
for DNA transfer to Cell wall
other bacterial cells

Capsule:
Fimbriae: gel-like coating
hairlike bristles that outside cell wall
allow adhesion to
surfaces

Flagellum

a.

b. SEM 16,000×c. SEM 3,000×d. SEM 25,000×


b: © Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited; d: © Dr. Gary D. Gaugler/Phototake
7.1 Mikroba, patogen, dan anda
Bagaimana struktur dan bentuk spesifik
dari bakteri? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.

Plasmid: Ribosom
aksesoris DNA yang
berbentuk lingkaran yang
sering membawa gen resistan Nukleoid
terhadap antibodi

Pili seks: Membran


dapat memanjang plasma
cekungan pada tubuhnya
untuk menyalurkan DNA Dinding sel
pada sel bakteri lainnya

Kapsul:
Fimbriae: seperti gel yang
bulu-bulu seperti rambut menutupi dinding
yang melekat pada sel bagian luar
pada permukaan

Flagela

a.

b. SEM 16,000×c. SEM 3,000×d. SEM 25,000×


b: © Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited; d: © Dr. Gary D. Gaugler/Phototake
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7.1 Microbes, pathogens and you

What are Viruses ?


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for

• Small, non-living obligate reproduction or display.

parasites
fiber
• Must reproduce inside of fiber protein
a host cell capsid DNA

• Acellular (not composed


protein unit
of cells)
• All viruses have an outer a.
protein coat called a
capsid and nucleic acid RNA
(RNA or DNA) inside
envelope spike
• Some viruses have an
envelope capsid

• Viruses are specific to b.


which cell they will attach
to and enter
7.1 Mikroba, patogen, dan anda

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Virus?


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for

• Kecil, parasit obligat yang reproduction or display.

tidak hidup
• Harus bereproduksi di dalam
fiber

fiber protein
sel inang
capsid DNA
• Aselular (tidak tersusun dari
sel) protein unit

• Semua jenis virus memiliki


sebuah protein luar yang a.
melapisinya yang disebut
capsid dan asam nukelat RNA
(RNA or DNA) di dalamnya
envelope spike
• Beberapa virus memiliki
pelapis capsid

• Virus bersifat spesifik


b.
terhadap suatu sel yang
akan didatangi dan dimasuki
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7.1 Microbes, pathogens and you

What are prions?


• Infectious protein
particles

• Cause degenerative
disease of the nervous
system

• Normal proteins change


their shape
7.1 Mikroba, patogen, dan anda

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Prion?


• Partikel protein yang
yang infeksius

• Menyebabkan penyakit
yang dapat
memundurkan kerja
dari sistem saraf

• Mengubah bentuk dari


protein normal
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7.2 The lymphatic system

4 functions of the lymphatic system


• Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid
and return it to the bloodstream

• Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) in the small


intestine absorb fats associated with proteins

• Works in the production, maintenance and


distribution of lymphocytes in the body

• Helps in defense against pathogens


7.2 Sistem limfa

4 fungsi dari Sistem Limfa


• Kapiler limfa menyerap cairan berlebih yang
terdapat pada jaringan dan mengembalikannya ke
sistem peredaran darah

• Pembuluh limfa (Lakteal) yang berada di dalam


usus halus berguna untuk menyerap lemak
berasosiasi dengan protein

• Bekerja dalam proses proses produksi,


pemeliharaan, dan pendistribusian dari limfosit
tubuh

• Membantu dalam pertahanan melawan penyakit


7.2 The lymphatic system
What are the components of the
lymphatic system?
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reproduction or display.

Tonsil: patches of lymphatic tissue;


help to prevent entrance of
Right lymphatic duct: pathogens by way of the nose
empties lymph into the and mouth
right subclavian vein Red bone marrow: site for the
origin of all types of blood cells
Axillary lymph nodes:
located in the underarm region Thymus: lymphatic tissue where
T lymphocytes mature and
learn to tell "self" from "nonself"
Thoracic duct: empties Spleen: cleanses the blood of
lymph into the left cellular debris and bacteria, while
subclavian vein resident lymphocytes respond to
the presence of antigens
tissue
fluid
lymphatic
capillary

Inguinal lymph nodes: tissue cell


located in the groin region; blood
cleanse lymph and alert capillary
the immune system to
pathogens
7.2 Sistem limfa
Apa saja komponen dari sistem limfa?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.

Tonsil: potongan kecil dari jaringan


limfa; membantu dalam mencegah
Saluran limfa bagian kanan: masuknya patogen melalui hidung
Mengosongkan limfa dan dan mulut
mengarahkannya ke vena
Sumsum Tulang Merah: sebagai tempat
subklavian kanan
Asal dari seluruh sel darah
Node limfa aksilari:
Terdapat di bawah lengan Thymus: jaringan limfa sebagai tempat
Pematangan limposit dan
learn to tell "self" from "nonself"
Saluran toraks: limfa: membersihkan darah dari sisa-sisa
mengosongkan Sampah selular dan bakteri, sementara limposit
limfa dan mengarahkannya merespon terhadap kehadiran antigen.
Ke vena subclavian kiri
Cairan pada jaringan

Pembuluh kapiler limfa

Node limfa Inguinal:


Terdapat di wilayah pangkal Tjaringan selular
paha; membersihkan limfa dan Kapiler darah
memberi signal pada sistem
imun jika terdapat patogen
7.2 The lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels
• One-way valve system that carries fluid called
lymph

• Made of capillaries, vessels and ducts

• Function to return tissue fluid (includes water,


solutes and cell products) to the bloodstream

• The larger vessels are similar in structure to


veins and even have valves
7.2 Sistem limfa

Pembuluh limfa
• Merupakan sistem katup satu jalur yang
membawa cairan yang disebut limfa

• Terbuat dari kapiler, pembuluh, dan saluran

• Berfungsi untuk mengembalikan cairan pada


jaringan (termasuk air, solut, dan produk) ke
pembuluh darah

• Pembuluhnya yang bersar serupa strukutrnya


dengan vena dan bahkan mempunyai katup
7.2 The lymphatic system

Classifying lymphatic organs


• Primary
– Red bone marrow
– Thymus gland

• Secondary
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

lobule
cortex capsule

310 µm 641 µm 641 µm 381 µm


lymphocyte monocyte cortex medulla capsule medulla white pulp red pulp

Red bone marrow Thymus gland Lymph node Spleen


(thymus, spleen): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; (marrow): © R. Valentine/Visuals Unlimited; (lymph): © Fred E. Hossler/Visuals Unlimited
7.2 Sistem limfa

Klasifikasi Organ-Organ limfa


• Primer
– Sumsum Tulang Merah
– Kelenjar Timus

• Sekunder
– Nodus limfa
– limpa Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

lobule
korteks kapsul

310 µm 641 µm 641 µm 381 µm


Limposit monosit korteks medula kapsul medula Butiran putih Butiran merah

Sumsum Tulang Merah Kelenjar Timus Nodus limfa limfa


(thymus, spleen): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; (marrow): © R. Valentine/Visuals Unlimited; (lymph): © Fred E. Hossler/Visuals Unlimited
7.2 The lymphatic system

Primary lymphatic organs


• Red bone marrow
– Site of blood cell production
– More bones in children have red marrow and it
decreases as we age
– Some white blood cells mature here

• Thymus gland
– Bilobed gland found in the thoracic cavity superior to
the heart
– Largest in children and shrinks as we age
– Immature T lymphocytes move from the marrow to
the thymus where they mature and 95% will stay
7.2 Sistem limfa

Organ Primer limfa


• Sumsum Tulang Merah
– Sebagai tempat produksi sel-sel darah
– Sejumlah tulang pada anak-anak memiliki sumsum
tulang merah dan akan berkurang seiring
bertambahnya usia
– Beberapa sel darah putih mengalami pematangan di
tempat ini.
• Kelenjar Timus
– Kelenjar dua lobus (Bilobed gland) ditemukan pada
rongga toraks superior terhadap jantung
– Berukuran besar saat masih anak-anak dan
menyusut seiring bertambahnya usia
– Limposit T yang belum matang bergerak dari sumsum
menuju Timus sebagai tempat pematangan dan 95%
akan menempati Timus
7.2 The lymphatic system

Secondary lymphatic organs


• Lymph nodes
– Small, oval-shaped structures found along the
lymphatic vessels filled B cells, T cells and
macrophages
– Common in the neck, armpit and groin regions

• Spleen
– In the upper left region of the abdominal cavity
– Filled with white pulp containing lymphocytes and red
pulp is involved with filtering the blood
7.2 Sistem limfa

Organ Sekunder limfa


• Nodus limfa
– Kecil, struktur berbentuk oval dapat ditemukan di
seluruh pembuluh limfa yang berisi sel B, sel T, dan
makrofag
– Umumnya terdapat di leher, ketiak, dan area pangkal
paha
• Limpa/spleen
– Terletak di sebelah kiri atas ruang abdominal
– Berisikan dengan butiran putih yang mengandung
limposit dan butiran merah yang berperan dalam
penyaringan darah
7.3 Nonspecific Defenses

What do the nonspecific defenses


include?
• First line of defense:
– Barriers to entry: physical and chemical

• Second line of defense:


– Phagocytic white blood cells
– Inflammatory response
– Protective proteins: complement and
interferons
7.3 Pertahanan Nonspesifik

Apa yang termasuk dalam


pertahanan nonspesifik dan apa
yang dilakukannya?
• Baris pertahanan pertama:
– Penghalang jalan masuk: fisik dan kimia

• Baris pertahanan kedua:


– fagositik sel darah putih
– Respon terhadap inflamasi
– Protein protektif: protein komplemen dan
interferon
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7.3 Nonspecific Defenses

The first line of defense


• Physical barriers
– Skin
– Tears, saliva and urine physically flush out microbes
– Mucous membranes line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive
and urinary tracts
– Resident bacteria/normal flora that inhabit the body use available
nutrients and space thus preventing pathogens from taking up
residence

• Chemical barriers
– Secretions of the oil glands
– Lysozyme found in saliva, tears and sweat
– Acidic pH of the stomach and vagina
7.3 Pertahanan Nonspesifik

Pertahanan Baris pertama


• Pertahanan fisik
– Kulit
– Air mata, saliva and urin secara fisik dapat mengeluarkan
mikroba
– Membran mukus membatasi saluran napas, saluran cerna,
organ reproduksi, sistem urinari
– Bakteri/flora yang mendiami tubuh secara normal menggunakan
nutrien dan tempat yang ada untuk mencegah adanya patogen
yang meninjeksi tempat tersebut

• Pertahanan kimia
– Sekresi kelenjar minyak
– Lisosim yang ditemukan pada saliva, air mata, dan keringat
– Keasaman pH yang ditemukan di lambung dan vagina
7.3 Nonspecific Defenses

The second line of defense: Phagocytic


white blood cells
• Includes neutrophils and macrophages

• Both leave circulation and move into tissue

• Cells that are important in the


inflammatory response
7.3 Pertahanan Nonspesifik

Pertahanan baris kedua : fagositik sel


darah putih
• Termasuk neutrophils dan makrofag

• Keduanya meninggalkan jalur sirkulasi


tubuh dan bergerak menuju jaringan

• Sel sangat penting dalam respon inflamasi


7.3 Nonspecific Defenses

The second line of defense: Inflammatory


response
• Four hallmark symptoms are redness, heat, swelling and pain

• Histamine is released by mast cells causes the capillaries to dilate


and become more permeable including to phagocytic white blood
cells

• Increased blood flow to an area increases the warmth that inhibits


some pathogens

• Increased blood flow also brings more white blood cells to an injured
area with neutrophils being the first scouts to kill pathogens

• This response can be short-lived but if the neutrophils cannot control


the damage, cytokines (chemicals) will call in more white blood cells
including macrophages
7.3 Pertahanan Nonspesifik

Pertahanan baris kedua : respon inflamasi

• Empat tanda penting dari gejala inflamasi adalah kemerahan,


panas, pembengkakan, dan rasa sakit

• Histamin dikeluarkan oleh sel mast yang menyebabkan pembuluh


kapiler berdilatasi dan menjadi lebih permeabel termasuk fagositik
sel darah putih

• Meningkatkan aliran darah pada suatu area untuk meningkatkan


suhu kulit sehingga lebih hangat sehingga dapat mencegah patogen

• Peningkatan aliran darah juga dapat membawa sel darah putih


lebih banyak menuju area yang luka dengan neutrofil yang
mengawali untuk membunuh patogen

• Respon ini terjadi hanya pada waktu singkat tetapi jika neutrofil
tidak mampu mengontrol kerusakan tersebut, protein sitokin akan
memanggil sel darah putih lebih banyak termasuk makrofag
7.3 Nonspecific Defenses

Summary of the inflammatory response


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Skin
2. Macrophages phagocytize pathogens
and release cytokines, which stimulate
Tissue the inflammatory response.
neutrophil
monocyte
mast cell
macrophage
histamine
injured tissue
1. Injured tissue cells and mast cells pathogen
release histamine, which causes
capillaries to dilate and increases cytokines
blood flow.

blood clot

Capillary 4. Blood clotting walls off 3. Neutrophils and monocytes (become


capillary and prevents macrophages) squeeze through the
blood loss. capillary wall and phagocytize pathogens.
7.3 Pertahanan Nonspesifik

Ringkasan dari respon terhadap inflamasi


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Kulit
2. Makrofag memfagositik patogen dan
mengeluarkan sitokin, yang menstimulasi
Jaringan respon inflamasi
neutrofil
monosit
Sel mast
makrofag
histamin
Jaringan yang terluka
1. Terluka sel jaringan dan sel mast patogen
mengeluarkan histamin, yang
menyebabkan kapiler berdilatasi dan sitokin
menambah aliran darah.

Gumpalan darah

Pembuluh Kapiler 4. Gumpalan darah menutupi 3. Neutrofil dan monosit (menjadi makrofag)
dinding kapiler dan ditekan melalui dinding kapiler dan
mencegah kehilangan darah memfagiosit patogen
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7.3 Nonspesific Defenses

The second line of defense:


Protective proteins
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display. complement

• Complement : proteins

– Group of blood plasma proteins


– Involved in the inflammatory
response by binding to mast cells membrane
to release histamine attack complex

– Attract phagocytes to pathogens


by binding
– Form a membrane attack complex
that make holes in some bacteria
and viruses that causes them to
burst fluids

• Interferons:
– Proteins produced by virally
infected cells sent out to warn
neighboring healthy cells
7.3 Pertahanan Nonspesifik

Pertahanan Baris kedua:


Protein Protektif
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display. Protein
• Komplemen : komplemen

– Merupakan kelompok dari protein


plasma darah
– Terlibat dalam respon inflamasi Kompleks
dengan cara mengikat sel mast membran serangan
untuk melepaskan histamin
– Menarik fagosit untuk patogen
dengan mengikatnya
– Membentuk kompleks membran
serangan yang membuat lubang
di beberapa bakteri dan virus cairan
yang menyebabkan mereka
meledak
• Interferons:
– Protein yang diproduksi oleh sel-
sel yang terinfeksi virus dikirim
keluar untuk peringatan sel-sel
sehat tetangga
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7.4 Specific Defenses

What do the specific defenses include?

• Third line of defense:


– Helps protect us against specific pathogens
when nonspecific defenses fail
– Helps protect us against cancer
– Depends on the action of B and T cells
(remember that these are lymphocytes)
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik

Apa yang termasuk dalam pertahanan


spesifik dan apa yang dilakukannya?
• Pertahanan baris ketiga:
– Membantu melindungi kita terhadap patogen
tertentu ketika pertahanan nonspesifik gagal
– Membantu melindungi kita terhadap kanker
– Tergantung pada tindakan sel B dan T (ingat
bahwa ini adalah limfosit)
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7.4 Specific Defenses

Summary of the types of B and T cells


7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik

Ringkasan dari tipe Sel B dan Sel T

Sel B Memproduksi sel plasma dan sel memori


Plasma Sel Memproduksi antibodi spesifik
Memori Sel Mempersiapkan produksi antibodi kedepannya

Sel T Merespon imun secara teratur; memproduksi


sel T sitoksik dan sel T pembantu

Membunuh virus yang menginfeksi sel dan juga


sitotoksik sel T sel kanker
pembantu sel T Regulasi imunitas
memori sel T Siap untuk membunuh ke depannya
7.4 Specific Defenses

Characteristics of B cells
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik

Karakteristik sel B

Karakteristik dari sel B adalah:


• imunitas antibodi perantara melawan patogen yang masuk
• melakukan produksi dan pematangan dalam sumsum
tulang
• langsung mengenali antigen dan kemudian melakukan
seleksi klonal
• Ekspansi klonal menghasilkan antibodi yang mensekresi
plasma sel serta memori B cel
7.4 Specific Defenses

Third line of defense: Antibody-mediated


immunity by B cells
• Each B cell has a unique receptor called a BCR that binds a specific
antigen

• This binding and cytokines secreted by helper T cells result in clonal


expansion in which this B cell makes copies of itself

• Most of the cells produced are plasma cells that secrete antibodies

• Other cells become memory cells which result in long-term immunity

• After an infection has passed plasma cells undergo apoptosis


(programmed cell death) leaving memory cells
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik

Pertahanan Baris Ketiga: imunitas antibodi


perantara sel B
• Setiap sel B memiliki reseptor unik yang disebut BCR yang
mengikat antigen tertentu

• Ikatan ini dan sitokin disekresikan oleh pembantu sel T sebagai


hasil dari ekspansi klonal di mana ini sel B membuat salinan dari
dirinya sendiri

• Sebagian besar dari sel-sel yang dihasilkan adalah sel plasma yang
mengeluarkan antibodi

• Sel-sel lain menjadi sel memori yang menghasilkan kekebalan


jangka panjang

• Setelah infeksi telah selesai sel plasma mengalami apoptosis


(kematian sel terprogram) meninggalkan sel memori
7.4 Specific Defenses

Antibody-mediated immunity by B cells


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.

B–cell
B cell
antigens receptor
(BCR)

Activation cytokines from T cells

Clonal expansion

Memory B cells

Plasma cells

Apoptosis
antigen
Apoptosis
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik

Imunitas Antibodi Perantara oleh Sel B


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.

B–cell
Sel Bll
antigens receptor
(BCR)

Activation cytokines from T cells

Clonal expansion

Memory B cells

Plasma cells

Apoptosis
antigen
Apoptosis
7.4 Specific Defenses
Structure of antibodies
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.

antigen-binding
antigen sites antigen binds

• A Y-shaped protein to binding site

light
shape of antigen fits chain
shape of binding site
• The trunk of the Y is a C C
heavy
constant region that chain
C = constant
determines the class of a. V = variable

the antibody

• The end of the arms (Y)


are the variable regions
where specific antigens
bind

b. b: Courtesy Dr. Arthur J. Olson, Scripps Institute


7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik
Struktur Antibodi
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.

Tempat ikatan
antigen antigen antigen mengikat

• Protein yang berbentuk Y Ke tempat


pengikatan
Rantai
Bentuk antigen yang cocok ringan
Bentuk pengikatan

• Cabang Y ini merupakan C C


Rantai
daerah konstan yang berat
C = constant
menentukan jenis a. V = variable

antibodi

• Ujung lengan (Y) adalah


daerah di mana variabel
antigen spesifik terikat

b. b: Courtesy Dr. Arthur J. Olson, Scripps Institute


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7.4 Specific Defenses

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?


7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik

Apa saja 5 jenis antibodi?

Jenis antibodi utama dalam sirkulasi; melintasi plasenta dari ibu mengikat patogen, mengaktifkan protein pelengkap, dan
ke janin meningkatkan fagositosis oleh sel darah putih

Jenis antibodi yang ditemukan dalam sirkulasi; antibodi terbesar;


Mengaktifkan protein komplemen, mengumpulkan sel
antibodi awal yang terbentuk pada saat lahir; antibodi awal yang
terbentuk ketika terjadi infeksi

Jenis antibodi utama dalam sekresi seperti air liur dan susu mencegah patogen pada sel epitel di saluran pencernaan dan
saluran pernapasan
Jenis antibodi yang ditemukan pada permukaan sel B yang
belum matang Keberadaannya menandakan kesiapan sel B

Jenis antibodi yang ditemukan sebagai reseptor antigen pada Bertanggung jawab untuk respon alergi dengan segera dan
basofil dalam darah dan sel mast dalam jaringan perlindungan terhadap cacing parasit tertentu
7.4 Specific Defenses

Characteristics of T cells
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik

Karakteristik Sel T

Karakteristik sel T:
• Imunitas sel perantara melawan virus yang menginfeksi sel
dan sel kanker
• Diproduksi di sumsum tulang, dimatangkan di timus
• Antigen harus tersedia dalam alur sebuah molekul HLA
(MHC)
• sel T Sitotoksik menghancurkan antigen yang tidak
terbentuk dalam sel tersebut
• Sel T pembantu mensekresi sitokin yang mengontrol
respon imun
7.4 Specific Defenses

Third line of defense: Cell-mediated


immunity by T cells
• Each T cell has a unique receptor called a TCR that will recognize a
piece of an antigen with the help of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

• An APC engulfs an antigen, breaks it down and presents it on its


surface in association with a membrane protein called an MHC
(called human leukocyte antigens in humans or HLA) then presents
it to T cells in the lymph node or spleen

• The T cell will specifically recognize the combination of the HLA


protein and the piece of antigen

• Clonal expansion will occur leading to mostly helper T cells,


cytotoxic T cells and a few memory T cells

• After an infection has passed, helper and cytotoxic T cells undergo


apoptosis leaving memory cells
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik

Pertahanan Baris Ketiga: Imunitas sel


perantara Sel T
• Setiap sel T memiliki reseptor unik yang disebut TCR yang akan
mengenali bagian tertentu antigen dengan bantuan dari sel antigen-
presenting (APC)

• Sebuah APC menelan sebuah antigen, menghancurkannya dan


meletakkannya dipermukaan dalam suatu kumpulan diliputi protein
membran yang disebut MHC (biasa disebut antigen leukosit yang
terdapat pada manusia atau HLA) lalu diberikan pada sel T dalam
nodus limfa atau dalam limpa

• Sel T akan secara spesifik mengenali kombinasi dari protein HLA


dan bagian dari antigen

• Perluasan klonal akan terjadi sebagian besar pada sel T pembantu ,


sel T sitotoksik, dan beberapa sel T memori

• Setelah infeksi usai, sel T pembantu dan sitotoksik mengalami


apoptosis meninggalkan sel memori
7.4 Specific Defenses
Cell-mediated immunity by T cells
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

T–cell receptor (TCR)

T cell

Activation

self
antigen bacterium
(MHC I)
cytokines

Clonal expansion Macrophage

Cytotoxic
T cell

Apoptosis

Memory
T cell
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik
Imunitas sel perantara sel T
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

T–cell receptor (TCR)

T cell

Activation

self
antigen bacterium
(MHC I)
cytokines

Clonal expansion Macrophage

Cytotoxic
T cell

Apoptosis

Memory
T cell
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7.4 Specific Defenses

Helper and cytotoxic T cells


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
or display.

• Helper T cells:
cytotoxic T cell
– Secrete cytokines that help
many immune cells
function target cell
(virus-infected
or cancer cell)

• Cytotoxic T cells: Cytotoxic T cell

– Have vacuoles containing vesicle granzyme

granzymes and perforins perforin

– Perforins punch holes in


target cells followed by
granzymes that cause the
Perforin
cell to undergo apoptosis forms hole
in target cell. Granzymes
enter through the
hole and cause
target cell to
Target cell undergo apoptosis.
7.4 Specific Defenses

Sel T pembantu dan sitotoksik


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
or display.

• Sel T Pembantu:
cytotoxic T cell
– Mengeluarkan sitokin yang
dapat membantu berbagai
fungsi imunitas sel target cell
(virus-infected
or cancer cell)

• Sel T sitotoksik: Cytotoxic T cell

– Mempunyai vakuola yang vesicle granzyme

berisi granzymes dan perforin

perforins
– Lubang yang dibuat oleh
Perforins pada sel target
Perforin
dan diikuti oleh granzymes forms hole
in target cell. Granzymes
menyebabkan sel enter through the
hole and cause
mengalami apoptosis target cell to
Target cell undergo apoptosis.
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7.5 Acquired immunity

Immunity
• Is the ability to combat diseases and
cancer

• Can be brought about naturally through an


infection or artificially through medical
intervention

• There are two types of immunity: active


and passive
7.5 Imunitas yang diperoleh

Imunitas
• Adalah kemampuan untuk melawan
penyakit penyakit dan kanker

• Dapat membawa secara natural melalui


infeksi atau buatan melalui intervensi
kesehatan

• Ada dua jenis imunitas: aktif dan pasif


7.5 Acquired immunity

Active immunity
• The individual’s body makes antibodies against a
particular antigen

• This can happen through natural infection or through


immunization involving vaccines

• Primary exposure is shorter-lived and slower to respond


while a secondary exposure is a rapid, strong response

• This type of immunity is usually long-lasting

• It depends on memory B and T cells


7.5 Imunitas yang diperoleh

Imunitas aktif
• Tubuh seorang individu membentuk antibodi yang
melawan antigen khusus

• Hal ini dapat terjadi apabila ada infeksi secara natural


aau melalui vaksin imunisasi

• Pemaparan pertama terjadi sangat singkat dan dengan


respon yang lambat, sedangkan pemaparan sekunder
sangat cepat dengan respon yang kuat

• Jenis imunitas ini biasanya bertahan lama

• Bergantung pada memori sel B dan sel T


7.5 Acquired immunity
Examples of immunizations: a type of
active immunity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Suggested Immunization Schedule


Vaccine Age (months) Age (years)

Hepatitis B Birth–18 11–12


Diphtheria, tetanus,2, 4, 6, 15–18 4–6
pertussis (DTP)
Tetanus and 11–12
pertussis only
Haemophilus 2, 4, 6, 12–15
influenzae, type b
Polio 2, 4, 6–18 4–6, 11–12
Pneumococcal 2, 4, 6, 12–15
Measles, mumps, 12–15 4–6, 11–12
rubella (MMR)
Varicella 12–18 11–12
(chicken pox)
Meningococcal 11–12
Hepatitis A 12–23 11–12
(in selected areas) 2–18

a.

high primary response secondary response

second exposure
Plasma Antibody
Concentration

to vaccine

first exposure
to vaccine

low
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (days)
b.
a: © Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
7.5 imunitas yang diperoleh
Contoh Imunisasi: Jenis Dari Imunitas
Aktif
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Suggested Immunization Schedule


Vaccine Age (months) Age (years)

Hepatitis B Birth–18 11–12


Diphtheria, tetanus,2, 4, 6, 15–18 4–6
pertussis (DTP)
Tetanus and 11–12
pertussis only
Haemophilus 2, 4, 6, 12–15
influenzae, type b
Polio 2, 4, 6–18 4–6, 11–12
Pneumococcal 2, 4, 6, 12–15
Measles, mumps, 12–15 4–6, 11–12
rubella (MMR)
Varicella 12–18 11–12
(chicken pox)
Meningococcal 11–12
Hepatitis A 12–23 11–12
(in selected areas) 2–18

a.

high primary response secondary response

second exposure
Plasma Antibody
Concentration

to vaccine

first exposure
to vaccine

low
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (days)
b.
a: © Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
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7.5 Acquired immunity
Passive immunity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
or display.

• An individual is given
prepared antibodies
against a particular
antigen

• This type of immunity is


short-lived a. Antibodies (IgG) cross the placenta. b. Antibodies (IgG, IgA) are
secreted into breast milk.

• This can happen naturally


as antibodies are passed
from mother to fetus or
artificially via an injection
of antibodies

c. Antibodies can be injected by a


physician.
a: © John Lund/Drew Kelly/Blend Images RF; b: © Digital Vision/Getty RF; c: ©
Photodisc Collection/Getty RF
7.5 Imunitas yang diperoleh
Imunitas Passive
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
or display.

• Seorang individu
diberikan antibodi
persiapan melawan
antigen khusus

• Jenis imunitas ini tidak


bertahan lama a. Antibodies (IgG) cross the placenta. b. Antibodies (IgG, IgA) are
secreted into breast milk.

• Dapat terjadi secara


natural sebagai antibodi
yang diturunkan dari ibu
ke fetus atau secara
buatan dengan melalui
injeksi antibodi
c. Antibodies can be injected by a
physician.
a: © John Lund/Drew Kelly/Blend Images RF; b: © Digital Vision/Getty RF; c: ©
Photodisc Collection/Getty RF
7.5 Acquired immunity
How do we make antibodies to be used
for passive immunity? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• We make monoclonal
antibodies (derived from antibody
plasma cell

plasma cells that originated antigen


from the same B cell) in
glassware outside the body (in
vitro)
cancerous
hybridoma cell
myeloma cell
• This is done through fusion of
plasma cells with myeloma
cells that allow them to divide monoclonal
indefinitely antibody

• This fusion results in a cell


called a hybridoma
7.5 Imunitas yang diperoleh
Bagaimana kita dapat membentuk
antibodi yang digunakan untuk imunitas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

pasif?
• Membuat antibodi monoklonal
(diperoleh dari plasma sel antibody
plasma cell

yang berasal dari sel B yang antigen


sama) dalam wadah kaca di
luar tubuh (in vitro)

• Hal ini dilakukan melalui fusi hybridoma cell


cancerous
myeloma cell
plasma sel dengan sel
myeloma yang
mengakibatkannya membelah monoclonal
dalam jangka waktu yang tidak antibody

terbatas

• Fusi ini menghasilkan sebuah


sel yang disebut hibridoma
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7.6 Hypersensitivity reactions

How can the immune system react that


maybe harmful to the body?
• Allergies
• Tissue rejection
• Immune system disorders
7.6 Reaksi Hipersensitif

Bagaimana sistem imun dapat bereaksi


yang berbahaya bagi tubuh?
• Alergi
• Penolakan jaringan
• Kelainan sistem imun
7.6 Hypersensitivity reactions

Allergies
• Hypersensitivities to harmless substances such as
pollen, food or animal hair

• An immediate allergic response is caused by the IgE


antibodies that attach to mast and basophils. When
allergens attach to these IgE molecules histamine is
released and we see allergy symptoms.

• An immediate allergic response that occurs when the


allergen enters the bloodstream is anaphylactic shock in
which the blood pressure drops and is life-threatening

• Delayed allergic responses are initiated by memory T


cells such as seen with poison ivy
7.6 Reaksi Hipersensitif

Alergi
• Hipersensitif terhadap substansi yang tidak berbahaya
seperti serbuk sari, makanan atau bulu hewan

• Respon alergi tiba-tiba disebabkan oleh antibodi IgE


yang menyerang mast dan basofil. Ketika alergi tersebut
terjadi maka molekul histamin akan dikeluarkan dan
terlihat gejala alergi

• Respon alergi secara tiba-tiba dapat terjadi ketika


penyebab alergi memasuki sistem peredaran darah
terjadi anaphylactic shock dimana tekanan darah
menurun secara drastis dan dapat mengancam nyawa
penderita

• respon alergi lambat, diinisiasi oleh sel T memori, seperti


yang terlihat pada racun ivy
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7.6 Hypersensitivity reactions

Tissue rejection
• This can occur when cytotoxic T cells respond to
tissue that is not recognized as “self” tissue

• This can be controlled by giving patients


immunosuppressive drugs and by transplanting
organs that have the same MHC proteins in the
donor and recipient

• Currently we are trying to grow organs in the lab


that can be transplanted with less rejection
7.6 Reaksi Hipersensitif

Penolakan jaringan
• Daat terjadi ketika sitotoksik sel T merespon
jaringan yang tidak dapat mengenali “dirinya”
sebagai jaringan

• Dapat dikontrol dengan memberikan obat


immunosuppressive kepada pasien dan
mencangkokkan organ yang mempunyai protein
MHC yang sama antara donor dan resipien

• Sekarang sedang dicoba untuk menumbuhkan


organ dalam lab yang dapat di cangkokkan
dengan resiko penolakan yang kecil
7.6 Hypersensitivity reactions

Disorders of the immune system


• Autoimmune diseases:
– A disease in which cytotoxic T cells or antibodies
attack the body’s own cells as if they were foreign
– Examples: multiple sclerosis, lupus, myasthenia
gravis and rheumatoid arthritis

• Immunodeficiency disease:
– A disease in which the immune system is
compromised and thus unable to defend the body
against disease
– Examples: AIDS and SCID
7.6 Reaksi Hipersensitif

Kelainan sistem imun


• Penyakit autoimun:
– Sebuah penyakit dimana sitotoksik sel T atau antibodi
menyerang sel tubuh sendiri sebagai benda asing
– Contohnya: multiple sclerosis, lupus, myasthenia
gravis and rheumatoid arthritis

• Penyakit Immunodeficiency :
– Sebuah penyakit dimana sistem imun berkompromi
dan tidak dapat mempertahankan tubuh dalam
melawan penyakit
– Contohnya: AIDS and SCID
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