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Virus
flagella cell
Virus
flagela sel
Plasmid: Ribosome
accessory ring of
DNA that often
carries resistant Nucleoid
genes to antibodies
Capsule:
Fimbriae: gel-like coating
hairlike bristles that outside cell wall
allow adhesion to
surfaces
Flagellum
a.
Plasmid: Ribosom
aksesoris DNA yang
berbentuk lingkaran yang
sering membawa gen resistan Nukleoid
terhadap antibodi
Kapsul:
Fimbriae: seperti gel yang
bulu-bulu seperti rambut menutupi dinding
yang melekat pada sel bagian luar
pada permukaan
Flagela
a.
parasites
fiber
• Must reproduce inside of fiber protein
a host cell capsid DNA
tidak hidup
• Harus bereproduksi di dalam
fiber
fiber protein
sel inang
capsid DNA
• Aselular (tidak tersusun dari
sel) protein unit
• Cause degenerative
disease of the nervous
system
• Menyebabkan penyakit
yang dapat
memundurkan kerja
dari sistem saraf
Lymphatic vessels
• One-way valve system that carries fluid called
lymph
Pembuluh limfa
• Merupakan sistem katup satu jalur yang
membawa cairan yang disebut limfa
• Secondary
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
lobule
cortex capsule
• Sekunder
– Nodus limfa
– limpa Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
lobule
korteks kapsul
• Thymus gland
– Bilobed gland found in the thoracic cavity superior to
the heart
– Largest in children and shrinks as we age
– Immature T lymphocytes move from the marrow to
the thymus where they mature and 95% will stay
7.2 Sistem limfa
• Spleen
– In the upper left region of the abdominal cavity
– Filled with white pulp containing lymphocytes and red
pulp is involved with filtering the blood
7.2 Sistem limfa
• Chemical barriers
– Secretions of the oil glands
– Lysozyme found in saliva, tears and sweat
– Acidic pH of the stomach and vagina
7.3 Pertahanan Nonspesifik
• Pertahanan kimia
– Sekresi kelenjar minyak
– Lisosim yang ditemukan pada saliva, air mata, dan keringat
– Keasaman pH yang ditemukan di lambung dan vagina
7.3 Nonspecific Defenses
• Increased blood flow also brings more white blood cells to an injured
area with neutrophils being the first scouts to kill pathogens
• Respon ini terjadi hanya pada waktu singkat tetapi jika neutrofil
tidak mampu mengontrol kerusakan tersebut, protein sitokin akan
memanggil sel darah putih lebih banyak termasuk makrofag
7.3 Nonspecific Defenses
Skin
2. Macrophages phagocytize pathogens
and release cytokines, which stimulate
Tissue the inflammatory response.
neutrophil
monocyte
mast cell
macrophage
histamine
injured tissue
1. Injured tissue cells and mast cells pathogen
release histamine, which causes
capillaries to dilate and increases cytokines
blood flow.
blood clot
Kulit
2. Makrofag memfagositik patogen dan
mengeluarkan sitokin, yang menstimulasi
Jaringan respon inflamasi
neutrofil
monosit
Sel mast
makrofag
histamin
Jaringan yang terluka
1. Terluka sel jaringan dan sel mast patogen
mengeluarkan histamin, yang
menyebabkan kapiler berdilatasi dan sitokin
menambah aliran darah.
Gumpalan darah
Pembuluh Kapiler 4. Gumpalan darah menutupi 3. Neutrofil dan monosit (menjadi makrofag)
dinding kapiler dan ditekan melalui dinding kapiler dan
mencegah kehilangan darah memfagiosit patogen
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7.3 Nonspesific Defenses
• Complement : proteins
• Interferons:
– Proteins produced by virally
infected cells sent out to warn
neighboring healthy cells
7.3 Pertahanan Nonspesifik
Characteristics of B cells
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik
Karakteristik sel B
• Most of the cells produced are plasma cells that secrete antibodies
• Sebagian besar dari sel-sel yang dihasilkan adalah sel plasma yang
mengeluarkan antibodi
B–cell
B cell
antigens receptor
(BCR)
Clonal expansion
Memory B cells
Plasma cells
Apoptosis
antigen
Apoptosis
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik
B–cell
Sel Bll
antigens receptor
(BCR)
Clonal expansion
Memory B cells
Plasma cells
Apoptosis
antigen
Apoptosis
7.4 Specific Defenses
Structure of antibodies
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display.
antigen-binding
antigen sites antigen binds
light
shape of antigen fits chain
shape of binding site
• The trunk of the Y is a C C
heavy
constant region that chain
C = constant
determines the class of a. V = variable
the antibody
Tempat ikatan
antigen antigen antigen mengikat
antibodi
Jenis antibodi utama dalam sirkulasi; melintasi plasenta dari ibu mengikat patogen, mengaktifkan protein pelengkap, dan
ke janin meningkatkan fagositosis oleh sel darah putih
Jenis antibodi utama dalam sekresi seperti air liur dan susu mencegah patogen pada sel epitel di saluran pencernaan dan
saluran pernapasan
Jenis antibodi yang ditemukan pada permukaan sel B yang
belum matang Keberadaannya menandakan kesiapan sel B
Jenis antibodi yang ditemukan sebagai reseptor antigen pada Bertanggung jawab untuk respon alergi dengan segera dan
basofil dalam darah dan sel mast dalam jaringan perlindungan terhadap cacing parasit tertentu
7.4 Specific Defenses
Characteristics of T cells
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik
Karakteristik Sel T
Karakteristik sel T:
• Imunitas sel perantara melawan virus yang menginfeksi sel
dan sel kanker
• Diproduksi di sumsum tulang, dimatangkan di timus
• Antigen harus tersedia dalam alur sebuah molekul HLA
(MHC)
• sel T Sitotoksik menghancurkan antigen yang tidak
terbentuk dalam sel tersebut
• Sel T pembantu mensekresi sitokin yang mengontrol
respon imun
7.4 Specific Defenses
T cell
Activation
self
antigen bacterium
(MHC I)
cytokines
Cytotoxic
T cell
Apoptosis
Memory
T cell
7.4 Pertahanan Spesifik
Imunitas sel perantara sel T
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T cell
Activation
self
antigen bacterium
(MHC I)
cytokines
Cytotoxic
T cell
Apoptosis
Memory
T cell
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7.4 Specific Defenses
• Helper T cells:
cytotoxic T cell
– Secrete cytokines that help
many immune cells
function target cell
(virus-infected
or cancer cell)
• Sel T Pembantu:
cytotoxic T cell
– Mengeluarkan sitokin yang
dapat membantu berbagai
fungsi imunitas sel target cell
(virus-infected
or cancer cell)
perforins
– Lubang yang dibuat oleh
Perforins pada sel target
Perforin
dan diikuti oleh granzymes forms hole
in target cell. Granzymes
menyebabkan sel enter through the
hole and cause
mengalami apoptosis target cell to
Target cell undergo apoptosis.
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7.5 Acquired immunity
Immunity
• Is the ability to combat diseases and
cancer
Imunitas
• Adalah kemampuan untuk melawan
penyakit penyakit dan kanker
Active immunity
• The individual’s body makes antibodies against a
particular antigen
Imunitas aktif
• Tubuh seorang individu membentuk antibodi yang
melawan antigen khusus
a.
second exposure
Plasma Antibody
Concentration
to vaccine
first exposure
to vaccine
low
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (days)
b.
a: © Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
7.5 imunitas yang diperoleh
Contoh Imunisasi: Jenis Dari Imunitas
Aktif
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a.
second exposure
Plasma Antibody
Concentration
to vaccine
first exposure
to vaccine
low
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (days)
b.
a: © Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
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7.5 Acquired immunity
Passive immunity
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or display.
• An individual is given
prepared antibodies
against a particular
antigen
• Seorang individu
diberikan antibodi
persiapan melawan
antigen khusus
• We make monoclonal
antibodies (derived from antibody
plasma cell
pasif?
• Membuat antibodi monoklonal
(diperoleh dari plasma sel antibody
plasma cell
terbatas
Allergies
• Hypersensitivities to harmless substances such as
pollen, food or animal hair
Alergi
• Hipersensitif terhadap substansi yang tidak berbahaya
seperti serbuk sari, makanan atau bulu hewan
Tissue rejection
• This can occur when cytotoxic T cells respond to
tissue that is not recognized as “self” tissue
Penolakan jaringan
• Daat terjadi ketika sitotoksik sel T merespon
jaringan yang tidak dapat mengenali “dirinya”
sebagai jaringan
• Immunodeficiency disease:
– A disease in which the immune system is
compromised and thus unable to defend the body
against disease
– Examples: AIDS and SCID
7.6 Reaksi Hipersensitif
• Penyakit Immunodeficiency :
– Sebuah penyakit dimana sistem imun berkompromi
dan tidak dapat mempertahankan tubuh dalam
melawan penyakit
– Contohnya: AIDS and SCID
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