TERMINOLOGI

ANATOMI
MANUSIA
Dr. Adi Arianto, M. Biomed
TERMINOLOGY ANATOMI
• Asal kata ANATOMI
ANA = URAI, TOMI = MEMOTONG
• ANATOMI adalah ilmu yang
mempelajari tubuh manusia dengan
cara mengurai dan memotong
bagian-bagian tubuh
 Anatomical Terminology
Why?
 Correct anatomical terminology allows people to
communicate effectively and accurately
 Body Positions
- Anatomical Position:body erect, feet on
floor and slightly apart, head and palms
facing forward

- Supine: body lying face upward

- Prone: body lying face downward

SIKAP ANATOMI = posisi anatomi
Sikap tubuh dalam posisi
 berdiri tegak,
 mata memandang lurus ke depan,
 lengan tergantung lurus disisi badan,
 telapak tangan menghadap ke depan,
 kaki berpijak pada lantai sejajar satu
sama lain dan dengan ujung-ujung jari
menghadap kedepan
ANATOMICAL POSITION
 Badan berdiri tegak
 Mata memandang
lurus kedepan
 Kedua lengan lurus
disamping badan
 Volar manus
menghadap kedepan
 Kedua tungkai lurus
sejajar dan ujung jari-
jari kaki menghadap
kedepan
 Anatomical Position

 The anatomical position is a standardized

method of observing or imaging the body that
allows precise and consistent anatomical
references.
 When in the anatomical position, the subject
stands (Figure 1.5).
 standing upright

 facing the observer, head level

 eyes facing forward

 feet flat on the floor

 arms at the sides

 palms turned forward (ventral)

 Basic
Anatomical
Terminology
 Basic
Anatomical
Terminology
NOMENCLATURE
• BIDANG
1. BIDANG SAGITTAL = SAGITTAL PLANE
2. BIDANG MEDIANA = BIDANG
MIDSAGITTAL = MIDSAGITTAL PLANE
3. BIDANG FRONTAL (=BIDANG
CORONAL) = FRONTAL/CORONAL
PLANE
4. BIDANG TRANSVERSAL (=BIDANG
HORIZONTAL)
=TRANSVERSAL/HORIZONTAL PLANE
 Basic body
planes or
sections

These terms are used

for planes or sections
that cut the body,
organs, tissues, or cells
Example of how planes
would cut the brain
BODY PLANE
 MIDSAGITTAL =
MEDIAN PLANE = BDG
MEDIANA
 FRONTAL PLANE =
CORONAL PLANE =
BDG FRONTAL
(CORONAL)
 TRANSVERSAL PLANE
=HORIZONTAL PLANE
= BDG TRANSVERSAL
(HORIZONTAL)
Gross Anatomy – An
Introduction
 Directional terms
 Regional terms – names of specific
body areas
 Axial region – the main axis of the
body
 Appendicular region – the limbs
Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
Gross Anatomy – An Introduction

Figure 1.3
Anatomical Terminology Cont.
 Directional Terms
- anterior (ventral)--the front side of the body
- posterior (dorsal)--the back side of the body
- superior (cranial)--toward the head
- inferior (caudal)--away from the head
- medial--toward the midline of the body
- lateral--away from the midline of the body
- proximal--closer to the point of attachment
- distal--farther from the point of attachment
- superficial (external)--located close to or on the
body surface
- deep (internal)--located beneath the body
surface
 REGIONAL TERMS
 Anterior
 Abdominal: anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
 Acromial: point of shoulder
 Antebrachial: forearm
 Antecubital: anterior surface of elbow
 Axillary: armpit
 Brachial: arm
 Buccal: cheek area
 Carpal: wrist
 Cervical: neck region
 Coxal: hip
 Crural: leg
 Deltoid: curve of shoulder area formed by large deltoid
muscle
 Regional Terms Cont.
 Digital: fingers, toes
 Femoral: thigh
 Fibular: lateral part of leg
 Frontal: forehead
 Inguinal: area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
 Nasal: nose area
 Oral: mouth
 Orbital: eye area
 Patellar: anterior knee
 Pelvic: area overlying the pelvis
 Pubic: genital region
 Sternal: breastbone area
 Tarsal: ankle region
 Thoracic: chest
 Umbilical: navel
 Regional Terms Cont.
 Posterior
 Calcaneal: heel of foot
 Cephalic: head
 Femoral: thigh
 Gluteal: buttock
 Lumbar: area of back between ribs and hips
 Occipital: posterior surface of head
 Olecranal: posterior surface of elbow
 Popliteal: posterior knee area
 Sacral: area between hips
 Scapular: shoulder blade region
 Sural: the posterior surface of lower leg; the
calf
 Vertebral: area of spine
NOMENCLATURE
• ARAH
MEDIALIS LATERALIS

VENTRALIS(=ANTERIOR) DORSALIS(=PO
STERIOR)
CRANIALIS(=SUPERIOR) CAUDALIS(=INF
ERIOR)
PROXIMALIS DISTALIS
NOMENCLATURE

VOLARIS(=PALMARIS) DORSALIS

PLANTARIS DORSALIS

PROFUNDA SUPERFICIALIS

INTERNA EXTERNA

RADIALIS ULNARIS

ROSTRALIS
Position and Direction

 anterior: front
 posterior: back

 proximal: near the body

 distal: far from the body

 inferior: below

 superior: above

 medial: middle

 lateral: side
 Directional Terms Used to Describe the
Position of one Structure to Another
Superior/Inferior
(Cephalic/Caudal)
Anterior/Posterior
(Ventral/Dorsal)
Medial/Lateral
Intermediate: Between
Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep
Positions Locations

Superficial: on the surface

Deep: away from the surface

PLANES of the body

1. Frontal (coronal)

2. Saggital (lateral)

3. Transverse
(cross-sectional or axial)
Regional Terms

Figure 1.4a
Regional Terms

Figure 1.4b
Body Planes and Sections
 Coronal (frontal) plane
 Liesvertically and divides body into anterior
and posterior parts
 Median (midsagittal) plane
 Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the
midline
 Body Planes and Sections
 Transverse
plane
 Runs
horizontally and
divides body into
superior and
inferior parts

Figure 1.5
Oblique Section Through the
Trunk

Figure 1.6
NOMENCLATURE
• BANGUNAN (MENONJOL)
1.PROCESSUS
2.TUBEROSITAS
3.SPINA
4.TUBER
5.TUBERCULUM
NOMENCLATURE
 LEKUKAN, ALUR, LUBANG
 FOVEA
 SULCUS
 DUCTUS
 INCISURA
 FORAMEN
NOMENCLATURE
 GERAKAN
 FLEXIO
 EXTENTIO
 ABDUCTIO
 ADDUCTIO
 ENDOROTATIO
 EXOROTATIO
 PRONATIO
 SUPINATIO
 GERAKAN
 ANTE FLEXIO = FLEXIO
 RETROFLEXIO = EXTENTIO
 CIRCUMDICTIO
 LATERO FLEXIO
 REPOSITIO
 OPPOSITIO
 EVERTIO
 INVERTIO
 Angular Movements

Animation: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension

Figure 9.3
Rotational Movements

Figure 9.4a,b
Rotational Movements

Figure 9.4c
Special Movements

Figure 9.5
The thumb's MP and CMC
The thumb's MP and CMC
joints abduct and adduct in a
joints flex and extend in a
plane perpendicular to the
plane parallel to the palm
palm.
STRUKTUR TUBUH MANUSIA
 A. BENTUK
KOMBINASI  Dors/o
 Abdomin/o  Later/o
 Anter/o
 Medi/o
 Caud/o
 My/o
 Cephal/o
 Neur/o
 Cervic/o
 Chondr/o  Poster/o
 Coccyg/o  Proxim/o
 Crani/o  Super/o
 Dist/o  Ventr/o
 B. Prefix  Supra- suprapubis
 Epi- epigastric  Trans-
 Ex- external transurethral
 Inter- intercellular  Tri- tricuspidal
 Intra-
intramuscular
 Peri- pericardium
 Post- postnasal
 Retro- retrosternal
 Semi- semicircular
 Sub- subclavia
Organisasi tubuh manusia
Molekul  SEL
Atom  JARINGAN
Partikel  ORGAN
Quanta
 SISTEM
Energi fibrasi
 ORGANISME
MOLEKUL
SEL : MERUPAKAN UNIT FUNGSIONAL YANG PALING DASAR
 Structural Organization of Matter
1. Chemical Level
a. Atoms
(Proton, Neutron, electrons)
b. Molecules
(Two or more atoms joined
together by either covalent or
ionic bonds)
Four biologically important
organic molecules in the
human body
a. Proteins which are made
from 20 different Amino
Acids
 Structural Organization of Matter
Four Biologically-Important
Organic molecules:
b. Complex Carbohydrates
made from simple sugars
c. Nucleic Acids made for
nucleotides
d. Lipids made from fatty
acids and glycerol

2. Cells
(Smallest structural and
functional units of the human
body)
 Structural Organization of Matter
3. Tissues
(group of cells and the
materials surrounding them
that work together to perform
a particular function)
4. Organs
(composed of two or more
tissues work together to
provide specific functions and
they usually have specific
shapes)
 Structural Organization of Matter
5. Organ systems
(consist of one or more organs that
provide a common function)
Examples covered in Anatomy &
Physiology 242:
a. Integumentary system
b. Skeletal system
c. Muscular system
d. Nervous system
e. Endocrine system
f. Cardiovascular system
g. Lymphatic system
h. Respiratory system
I. Digestive system
j. Urinary system
k. Reproductive system
SISTEM ALAT TUBUH
1. SISTEM ALAT GERAK
2. SISTEM CARDIOVASCULAR
3. SISTEM DIGESTIVUS
4. SISTEM RESPIRATORIUS
5. SISTEM UROPOETIK/GENITALIA
6. SISTEM ENDOCRIN
7. SISTEM SARAF
8. SISTEM INTEGUMENTUM
9. SISTEM INDERA
Two Principal
Body Cavities
and their
Subdivisions
BODY CAVITIES
 CAVUM ABDOMINIS : Abdominal
Cavity
 CAVUM THORACIS : Thoracic cavity
 CAVUM PELVIS : Pelvic Cavity
 CAVUM CRANII : Cranial Cavity
 CAVUM PERICARDII: Pericardial Cavity
BODY CAVITIES
 CAVUM PLEURA : Pleural Cavity
 CAVUM PERITONEAL : Peritoneal
Cavity
 CAVUM TYMPANI : Tympanic Cavity
 CAVUM NASI : Nasal Cavity
 CAVUM ORIS : Oral Cavity
 CAVUM ORBITA : Orbital Cavity
 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Body Cavities:
 The body can be divided into an appendicular portion
(upper and lower limbs) and an axial portion (head,
neck, and trunk), which includes a dorsal and a
ventral cavity. Organs within these cavities are called
viscera.
THE BACK
 COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS =
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
 VERTEBRA CERVICALIS = LEHER
 VERTEBRA THORACALIS = DADA
 VERTEBRA LUMBALIS = PINGGANG
 VERTEBRA SACRALIS = KELENGKANG
 VERTEBRA COCCYGEALIS = EKOR
ORGAN-ORGAN SYSTEM
TUBUH MANUSIA
SISTEM ALAT GERAK = sistem
musculo skeletal
 Muscul/o = OTOT
 My/o
 Oste/o = TULANG
 Arthr/o = SENDI
SISTEM ALAT GERAK = sistem
musculo skeletal
 TULANG : OSTEOLOGY
 Oste/o
 SENDI : ARTHROLOGY
 Arthr/o
 OTOT : MYOLOGY
 My/o
 Muscul/o
SISTEM CARDIOVASCULAR
 Cardi/o : jantung ; cardiology
 Hemat/o : darah; hematology
 Angi/o : pembuluh darah;
angiology
 Arteri/o : pembuluh darah arteri
 Ven/o : pembuluh darah vena
SISTEM RESPIRASI
 Nas/o : hidung
 Pharyng/o : pharynx; tekak
 Laryng/o : larynx; pangkal
tenggorok
 Trache/o : batang tenggorok
 Pneum/o : pulmo; paru-paru ;
pulmology
 Bronch/o : bronchus = cabang
batang tenggorok
SISTEM GASTROINTESTINAL
 Or/o : mulut
 Pharyng/o : pharynx; tekak
 Sialaden/o : glandula salivarius ;
kelenjar ludah
 Esophag/o :Esophagus (oesophagus)
: kerongkongan
 Gastr/o : gaster ; lambung
 Vetricul/o : gaster; lambung
 Enter/o = intestin/o : usus halus
 Col/o : colon : usus besar
 Hepat/o : hepar ; hati
 Cholesyst/o : Vesica Fellea : kantong
empedu
 Pancreat/o : pancreas ; pancreas
SISTEMA URINARIA
 Nephr/o : ren; ginjal
 Ureter/o : ureter ; ureter
 Cyst/o : vesica urinaria; kantong
kemih
 Urethr/o : urethra : uretra
SISTEMA REPRODUKSI
 Ovari/o : ovarium; indung telur
 Hyster/o : uterus; kandungan
 Salping/o : salpinx : tuba uterina ;
saluran telur
 vagin/o : vagina ; liang kemaluan
wanita
 Mamm/o : mamma : payudara
 Orchid/o : testis; buah zakar
 Prostat/o : prostat
 Urethr/o : urtetra
 Vas/o : vas deferens : saluran
sperma
SISTEM SARAF
 Encephal/o : encephalon ; otak
 Myel/o : medulla spinalis; sumsum
tulang belakang
 Neur/o : nervus ; saraf
SISTEM ENDOKRIN
 Thyr/o : glandula thyreoidea ;
kelenjar gondok
 Pituit/o : hypohyse ; kelenjar
hypophyse
 Test/o : testis ; buah zakar
 Ovari/o : ovarium ; indung telur
 Adren/o : supra renalis : kelenjar
anak ginjal
 Pancreat/o : pancreas : pancreas
 Parathyroi/o : glandula parathyroidea
 Pineal/o : epiphyese: glandula
pinealis
 Thym/o : glandula thymus
SISTEM INTEGUMEN
 Dermat/o : kulit
 Trich/o : rambut
 Onych/o : kuku
 Sud/o : glandula sudorivera :
kelenjar keringat
 Seb/o : glandula sebacea : kelenjar
minyak
OSTEOLOGY
 SKELETON AXIALE:
 CRANIUM
 COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS
 COSTA
 SKELETON APPENDICULARE
 SKELETON APPENDICULARE SUPERIOR
 SKELETON APPENDICULARE INFERIOR
 MUSCULOSKELETAL
 MUSCUL/O : MY/O: OTOT
 SKELET/O = OSTE/O :TULANG
 ARTHR/O: SENDI
 MYOLOGY : Ilmu yg mempelajari ttg
otot
 OSTEOLOGY : Ilmu yang mempelajari
tentang tulang
 ARTHROLOGY: Ilmu yang
mempelajari tentang sendi
SKELETON

 Skeleton Axiale
 Cranium
 Columna vertebralis
 Sternum
 Costa
 Skeleton appendiculare
 Extremitas superior
 Extremitas inferior
Skeletal System
OTOT ventral dorsal
SENDI
The bones of the foot are dominated by the TALUS, who insists from his dominant
position on a calcified rock (calcaneus) that he is the TALLEST (talus) of all the
foot bones. Most of the tarsal bones disagree with this.
The NAVICULAR replies “NEVER”.
The 3 CUNEIFORMS say “COULDN’T BE”.
Only the CUBOID bone, a real square, occupying an inferior position, looks up at
the threatening talus and says “could be”.
The big bully talus is finally taught a lesson, as the tibia steps down decisively on it
(the fibula, is not a weight-bearing bone). No one likes a bully, and no muscle
attaches to the talus.
 The bones of the foot are dominated by the TALUS,
who insists from his dominant position on a calcified
rock (calcaneus) that he is the TALLEST (talus) of all
the foot bones. Most of the tarsal bones disagree with
this.
 The NAVICULAR replies “NEVER”.
 The 3 CUNEIFORMS say “COULDN’T BE”.
 Only the CUBOID bone, a real square, occupying an
inferior position, looks up at the threatening talus and
says “could be”.
 The big bully talus is finally taught a lesson, as the
tibia steps down decisively on it (the fibula, is not a
weight-bearing bone). No one likes a bully, and no
muscle attaches to the talus.
  The carpal bones
are arranged in two
rows. Starting at
the radius (the
male lover), the
carpal bones project
the mnemonic :

1. SCARED (scaphoid) 2. LOVERS (lunate), 3. TRY (triquestrum), 4.

POSITIONS (pisiform), 5. THAT (trapezium), 6. THEY (trapezoid), 7.
CANNOT (capitate), 8. HANDLE (hamate)

The trapezium supports the thumb. The trapezoid’s on the inzoid.

How do you remember that the trapezium comes before the trapezoid ? Answer.
They are in alphabetical order.
Body Cavities
 Cranial
 Thoracic
 Abdominal
 Pelvic
 Spinal
 Pleura
Cranial Cavity
 Location
 Surrounded by the skull, in the head
 Contains
 Brain, meninges
Thoracic Cavity
 Location
 Chest area
 Surrounded by the
ribs
 Contains
 Lung, heart,
trachea
Abdominal Cavity
 Location
 Below the thoracic
cavity and above
the pelvic cavity
 Contains
 Digestive organs
 Stomach, liver,
gallbladder, spleen,
pancreas, intestines
kidney
Pelvic Cavity
 Location
 Below the
abdominal cavity,
 Surrounded by the
pelvis
 Contains
 Reproductive
organs, urinary
bladder, rectum
Spinal Cavity
 Location
 Space surrounded
by the spinal
column
 Contains
 Spinal cord
Pleura Cavity
 Location
 Pleura surrounds
the lungs
 Cavity is the space
between the pleura
and the lungs
 Contains
 Pleural fluid
Diaphragm
 Location
 The muscle that
separates the
thoracic cavity from
the abdominal
cavity
 Contains
 Muscle that aids in
respiration
Mediastinum
 Location
 Large space
between the lungs
 Contains
 Heart, esophagus,
trachea, bronchi
Methods of dividing the
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic Regions
1. Epigastric

2. Right hypochondriac

3. Left hypochondriac

4. Right lumbar

5. Umbilical

6. Left lumbar

7. Right inguinal (“in –gwen –al” )

8. Hypogastric

9. Left inguinal
Abdominopelvic Quadrants

RUQ: Right upper

quadrant
LUQ: Left upper quadrant

RLQ: Right lower quadrant

LLQ: Left lower quadrant

Divisions of the Spinal Column

Cervical

Thoracic

“This is your spinal Lumbar

column. It’s a bunch of
bones that runs up and Sacral
down your back and
keeps your legs from Coccygeal
going all the way up to
your neck."
ENDOCRINE
 GLANDULA THYREOIDEA: Thyroid Gland
 GLD. PARATHYROID: Parathyroid Glands
 GLD. HYPOPHYSE: Pituitary Gland
 TESTIS : Testes
 OVARIUM: Ovaries
 GLANDULA ADRENALIS= Adrenal Glands
 PANCREAS : Panceras
 CORPUS PINEALIS= EPIPHYSE : Pineal
Body
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
CARDIOVASCULAR
COR = CARDIA : HEART :
jantung
ARTERI : ARTERIES :
pembuluh darah arteri
VENA : VEINS : pembuluh
darah vena
a.Coronaria dextra a.Coronaria sinistra
Circulasi Darah
Circulasi Arteri
Circulasi vena
The Heart

 hollow muscular organ

(cardiac muscle)
 pump to circulate blood
 blood to oxygenate
cells and remove
waste products
 Cardi/o - heart
Location and Protection
 located between the
lungs and above the
diaphragm
 Pericardium
 Pericardial Fluid
 Epicardium
 Myocardium
 Endocardium
 Blood Vessels

 Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries

angi/o and vas/o
 arteries - carry blood away from heart,
usually oxygenated blood
 veins - carry blood to the heart, usually
deoxygenated blood
Arteries
 arteri/o
 blood propelled by heart
 arteries are thick with three layers
 pulse-surge of blood
 oxygenated blood - bright red
 arteries to arterioles to capillaries
 endarterial - pertaining to the interior
wall of an artery
Capillaries
 system of microscopic
vessels
 one epithelial cell
thick
 anatomic units
connect
arterial/venous
systems
 blood flow much
slower through
capillaries to allow for
exchange
Veins
 low-pressure collecting
system
 ven/o and phleb/o
 venules - small veins
 veins have valves
 deoxygenated blood
 venae cavae - venous
blood to Right Atrium
Heart
 Endocardium - serous membrane lining
 myocardium - muscle layer
 epicardium - outermost layer
 pericardium - sac containing the heart
Heart
Chambers

Left
Atrium
Right
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Right
Ventricle

Apex
Internal Heart Chambers
Heart Valves

Pulmonary Veins

Left
Mitral

Tricuspid

Right
Apex
Blood Supply to Heart
 Coronary Artery System
 right coronary
 left coronary
 left anterior descending
 circumflex
 Systemic Circulation
 All parts of body except lungs
 Pulmonary Circulation
 pulmonary arterial system
Conduction System
1-SA Node (Pacemaker)
2-AV Node
3-Bundle of His
4-Perkinje fibers
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias
 palpitation
 fibrillation
 atrial fibrillation
 ventricular fibrillation
 bradycardia
 tachycardia
LYMPHATIC AND HEMATIC
 LIMPHONODUS : Lymphatic nodes :
kelenjar limfe
 DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS : Lymphatic
vessles : pembuluh limfe

 LIEN : SPLEEN : LIMPA

 HEM : BLOOD : DARAH
Lymphatic System

 Major structures
 lymph vessels
 lymph nodes
 lymph fluid
 tonsils
 Also
 spleen
 thymus
Functions of the Lymph System

 lymph/o
 drain fluid from tissue spaces and
return to it to the blood
 transport materials (nutrients,
hormones and oxygen) to body cells
 carry away waste products to the
blood
 transport lipids away from digestive
system
 control of infection
 Lymph System

 Lymph originates in
blood plasma
 Interstitial fluid
 cleans and nourishes
body tissues
 collects cellular
debris, bacteria
 return to blood or
lymph capillaries
Lymph Nodes
 located in lymph
vessels
 small round or oval
structures (filters)
 depositories for
cellular debris
 bacteria and debris
phagocytized
Lymph Nodes

 inside are masses of tissue which

contain WBCs (lymphocytes)
 almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100
 invading cells destroyed in nodes
and often swell as an indicator of the
disease process
 Spleen

 sac-like mass of
lymphatic tissue
 filter for lymph
 phagocytic cells
 hemolytic
Thymus

 lymphatic tissue
 mediastinum
 primary role: changes
lymphocytes to T cells
for cellular immunity
Tonsils
 masses of lymph tissue designed to
filter tissue fluid, not lymph
 located beneath certain areas of moist
epithelium exposed to outside and
hence to contamination
 any or all may become so loaded with
bacteria that the pathogens gain
dominance
 should not be removed unless
absolutely necessary.
RESPIRATORY
 NASAL : Nose : hidung
 PHARYNX : Pharynx : tekak
 LARYNX : Larynx : tenggorok
 TRACHEA : TRACHEA : trachea
 PULMO : LUNGS : paruparu
 BRONCHUS : BRONCHIAL TUBES :
bronchus
Structure of the Respiratory System:
 Nose: air enters body here

 Nasal cavity: filters foreign bodies; warms and moistens air

 Paranasal sinuses: air-containing spaces in the skull; produce mucus to lubricate and help produce
sound

 Pharynx: throat

 Nasopharynx: division of the throat that contains adenoids

 Adenoids: collections of lymphatic tissue

 Oropharynx: division of the throat that contains tonsils

 Palatine tonsils: rounded masses of lymphatic tissue

 Laryngopharynx: serves as a common passage for food from the mouth and air from the nose;
divides into two passages

 Larynx: voice box

 Esophagus: leads to the stomach, carries food to be digested

 Epiglottis: flap of cartilage on root of the tongue that prevents choking or aspiration of food;
acts as a lid to cover the larynx when swallowing
Structure of the Respiratory System Continued:
 Trachea: windpipe, tube connecting larynx to the bronchial tubes

 Bronchial tubes: branches of the trachea that lead to each lung

 Bronchi: smaller branches of the bronchial tubes; branches out to smaller and smaller tubes like
the branches of a tree.

 Lungs: two sack-like breathing organs in thoracic cavity; right has 3 lobes, left has 2 lobes

 Bronchioles: smaller branches of the bronchi that narrow into alveolar ducts

 Alveoli: collections of air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchiole

 Capillary: smallest blood vessel; surrounds alveoli where exchange of gases occurs

 Erythrocytes: red blood cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body and carbon dioxide to
the lungs for exhalation

 Parietal pleura: outer membrane covering lungs

 Visceral pleura: inner membrane covering lungs

 Diaphragm: muscular partition that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity; aids in
breathing by contracting and relaxing, helping air to enter and leave the lungs
 GASTROINTESTINAL
 ORIS : MOUTH : mulut
 CAVUM ORIS : ORAL CAVITY : rongga
mulut
 PHARYNX : PHARYNX : tekak
 GLANDULA SALIVATORIUS : SALIVARY
GLANDS : kelenjar ludah
 ESOPHAGUS : OESOPHAGUS :
kerongkongan
 GASTER : STOMACH : lambung
GASTRO….
 INTESTINUM TENUE : SMALL
INTESTINE : usus halus
 COLON : INTESTINUM CRASSUM:
COLON : usus besar
 HEPAR : LIVER :hati
 VESICA FELLEA : GALLBLADER :
kandung empedu
 PANCREAS : PANCREAS : pankreas
Digestive System
 Contains
 Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Pancreas,
Liver, Gallbladder, Intestines
 Function
 To convert food particles into simpler,
molecules that can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and used by the body
Copyright © 2005-2008 - Bernard Dery. All rights reserved.
The Digestive System
teeth
gums
soft palate
hard
tonsil palate
tongue uvula
lip
molar: 1,2,3,14,15,16

premolar : 4,5,12,13

canine: 6, 11

incisor: 7,8,9,10

1& 16 also called “wisdom teeth”

 crown
dentin

gingiva cementum
periodontal pulp
membrane
root canal

bone
 parotid

sublingual
submandibular
URINARY
 REN : KIDNEY : ginjal
 URETER : URETER : saluran kemih
 VESICA URINARIA : BLADDER :
kandung kemih
 URETHRA : URETHRA : saluran kemih
 adrenal
cortex

renal pelvis
renal
artery

calyx
hilus
renal vein
capsule
ureter
REPRODUCTIVE
 OVARIUM: OVARIES : indung telur
 UTERUS : UTERUS : rahim
 TUBA FALLOPI : FALLOPIAN TUBES :
tabung Fallopi
 VAGINA : VAGINA : liang sanggama
 GLANDULA MAMMARIA: MAMMARY GLAND :
kelenjar susu
 TESTIS : TESTES : buah zakar
 PROSTAT : PROSTAT
 URETHRA : URETHRA
 VAS DEFERENS : VAS DEFERENS
Reproductive System
uter/o

Uterus:
 womb, muscle
organ of the
female that
holds and
provides
nourishment for
the developing
fetus
NERVOUS
 ENCEPHALON : BRAIN : otak
 MEDULLA SPINALIS : SPINAL CORD :
sumsum tulang belakang
 NERVUS :NERVES : saraf
 NERVI CRANIALES: CRANIAL NERVES :
saraf otak
 NERVI SPINALES : SPINAL NERVES :
saraf spinalis
Pembagian
system
saraf
Encephalon
SPECIAL SENSES
 EYE :ORBIT: OCUL/O : OPHTHALM/O
OPHTHALMOLOGY : ilmu mata
 EAR : OT/O : telinga
 NOSE : RHIN/O : hidung
 THROAT : LARYNX , LARYNG/O
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
E.N.T. :EAR NOSE AND THROAT
Ilmu T.H.T. (telinga, hidung, tenggorok)
Structures of the Inner Ear:
The Cochlea

 Snail shaped cavity within

mastoid bone
 2 ½ turns, 3 fluid-filled
chambers
 Scala Media contains Organ of
Corti Converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy
 OLFACTORY ORGAN : SMELL
ORGAN

 CAVUM NASI
 CONCHA NASALIS
 PALATUM
GUSTATORY ORGAN : TASTE
ORGAN
 TONGUE :LINGUA :
lidah
 PAPILLAE
LINGUALES
 Rasa pahit
 Rasa asin
 Rasa asam
 Rasa manis
INTEGUMENTARY

 SKIN : DERM/O , DERMAT/O= KULIT

 HAIR : RAMBUT/ BULU : PILI/O
 NAILS: KUKU : UNGU/O
 GLANDS: KELENJAR
 Kelenjar Keringat : GLANDULA
APOCRINE
 Kelenjar minyak : GLANDULA SEBACEA
REFERENCES
 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY, An antomy
and physiolgy system approach, by
B.F. Fremgen and S.S. Frucht
 GRAY’S ANATOMY, BY GRAY
 DORLAND’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY