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(3,1) (1,/6)
(2,/6)
The first coordinate,
r =2, indicates the
distance of the point
from the origin. = /6
6
(r , ) 2, 2,13 6
2, 2
2
6
6
Locating points in Polar Coordinates
Note, however, that every point in the
plane as infinitely many polar
representations.
6
(r , ) 2, 2, 11 6
2, 2
6 2
6
2, 2
6
Figure 3
Example 1 – Solution cont’d
•
Thus the point is (–1, , 1) in rectangular coordinates.
Example 1 – Solution cont’d
•
•
Figure 5
Spherical Coordinates
• But x = r cos and y = r sin , so to convert from spherical
to rectangular coordinates, we use the equations
• Solution:
We plot the point in Figure 6.
Figure 6
Example 2 – Solution cont’d
81
81
3
108
2 23 13 3 1 13 2 1 22 12 12 2
2
14 1 1 53
27 9 12 108
Volume of a Solid Region
Example 1
Evaluate the triple integral B xyz2 dV, where B is the rectangular
box given by B = {(x, y, z) | 0 x 1, –1 y 2, 0 z 3}
Solution: If we choose to integrate with respect to x, then y,
and then z, we obtain
3 2 2 2 3 2
xyz dV
2 x yz
dydz
3z
dz
27
0 1
2 0
4 4
Example 5
• Use a triple integral to find the volume of the
tetrahedron T bounded by the planes x + 2y +
z = 2, x = 2y, x = 0, and z = 0.
• Solution:
The tetrahedron T and its projection D onto
the xy-plane are shown in Figures 14 and 15.
Figure 14 Figure 15
Example 5 – Solution cont’d
f ( x, y) x2 y 2 1, g ( x, y) 1 x 2 y 2 .
By symmetry, the volume of this region w ill be tw ice the volume
of the area bounded by g and the xy-plane, w hich is the integral
of g over the unit circle. In polar coordinates then, our desired
volume is given by:
2 1 2 1 1
0 r2
4
2 1 r 2 r dr d 2 0 d 0 r r 3 dr 4
2
r
4
0 0
Volume of a Solid Region
Example 3
Let B be the rectangular solid defined by 0 < x < /2, 0 < y < 1, 0 < z < . Then,
1 2
B
xyz sin x 2
cos z dx dy dz xyz sin x2 cos z 2 dxdy dz
2
00 0
dz y dy x sin x dx
1 2
z cos z2 2
0 0 0
For the first and third of these integrals, let u=z2, du=2dz, to obtain:
2
2 1 4
1
4 0 cos u du y dy
0
0 sin u du
2
2 1 4
1 2
1 sin u
y2
cos u 1 sin 2
sin 0 cos cos 0
4
0
2
0 0
4 2 4
2
sin 2
1 cos
4
8