Flows With More Than One Dependent

Variable - 2D Example

Juan M. Lopez
BIEN 501
Wednesday, March 21, 2007

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 Recall - Generalized Newtonian
T  pI  2  D where   2tr D  D

Recall that:
1
2

D  v  v 
T

tr stands for “trace,” which is
the sum of the diagonal
elements. Tr(T)=Tii

While the expression looks complicated, it will look

much simpler once a given form for  is found.

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 Generalized Newtonian
T  pI  2  D where   2tr D  D

Recall that:
1
2

D  v  v 
T

tr stands for “trace,” which is
the sum of the diagonal
elements. Tr(T)=Tii

 u u2 u1 u3 u1 

 2 i   
1 0 0  x1 x1 x2 x1 x3 
 u u u u3 u2 
T   P    v  0 1 0    1  2 2 2 
 
 x2 x1 u2 x2 x3 
0 0 1
 u1  u3 u2 u3

u
2 3 
 x
 3 x1 x3 x2 x3 

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 Parallel Plate Poiseuille Flow
• Given: A steady, fully developed, laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid in a
rectangular channel of two parallel plates where the width of the channel is
much larger than the height, h, between the plates.

• Find: The velocity profile and shear stress due to the flow.

• Assumptions:
• Entrance Effects Neglected
• No-Slip Condition
• No vorticity/turbulence

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 Additional and Highlighted
Important Assumptions
• The width is very large compared to the
height of the plate.
• No entrance or exit effects.
• Fully developed flow.
• THEREFORE…
– Velocity can only be dependent on vertical
location in the flow (vx)
– (vy) = (vz) = 0
– The pressure drop is constant and in the x-
direction only. p p
 Constant  , where L is a length in x.
x L
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 Boundary Conditions
• No Slip Condition Applies
– Therefore, at y = -h/2 and y = +h/2, v = 0
• The bounding walls in the z direction are
often ignored. If we don’t ignore them we
also need:
– z = -w/2 and z = +w/2, v = 0, where w is the
width of the channel.
• For this problem we include this, and
make the width finite to make this
dependent on two variables.
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 Incompressible Newtonian
Stress Tensor
Adapted from Table 3.3 in the text.

 u x  u y u x   u z u x  
 2 
     
      
x  x y   x z 
  u u x  u y  u z u y  
τ       2     
y

  x y  y  y z  
  u u   u z u y  u z 
  
  x  z    y  z  2
z x
 
z 
   
  u x   u x  
 0      
Now, we cancel terms out    y   z 
based on our assumptions.   u  
τ     x  0 0 
This results in our new   y  
tensor:   u x  
    0 0 

  z  
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 Navier-Stokes Equations
In Vector Form:

 v 
    v  v  p   2 v  g (Eq. 3.3.25)
 t 
Which we expand to component form from table 3.4:
x - component :
 v x v x v x v x  p   2vx  2vx  2vx 
   vx  vy  vz       2  2  2   g x
 t x y z  x  x y z 
y - component :
 v y v y v y v y  p   2v y  2v y  2v y 
   vx  vy  vz       2  2  2   g y
 t x y z  y  x y z 
z - component :
 v z v z v z v z  p   2vz  2vz  2vz 
   vx  vy  vz       2  2  2   g z
 t x y z  z  x y z 

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 Reducing Navier-Stokes
x - component :
 v x v x v x v x  p   2vx  2vx  2vx 
   vx  vy  vz       2  2  2   g x
 t x y z  x  x y z 
y - component :
 v y v y v y v y  p   2v y  2v y  2v y 
   vx  vy  vz       2  2  2   g y
 t x y z  y  x y z 
z - component :
 v z v z v z v z  p   2vz  2vz  2vz 
   vx  vy  vz       2  2  2   g z
 t x y z  z  x y z 

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 Reducing Navier-Stokes
• ThisModified
reduces to:
 Pressure

 p   2vx  2vx 
0   2  2 
x  y z 
• Including our constant pressure drop:
p   2 vx  2 vx 
0   2  2 
L  y z 
• Oops! Now we have a nonhomogenous
higher-order differential equation that is
inseparable. How do we deal with it?

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 DiffEq Assumptions
• We will assume this solution is a combination of simple parallel plate
Poiseuille flow plus some perturbation that is dependent on the walls
and finite width.

• Extracting the 1D Poiseuille flow, we can rewrite the equation as:

p   2vx  2vx 
0    2  2 
L  y z 
where v x  vx  y, z 
 Vx  y     y , z 
Therefore :
p  d 2Vx    2  2 
0     2     2  2 
L  dy   y z 
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 DiffEq Solution - Setup
• We can separate this into two equations, each of which equals zero.
• Why?
– 0=0+0

p  d 2Vx    2  2 
0     2     2  2 
L  dy   y z 
Separated :
p  d 2Vx 
0     2 
L  dy 
  2  2 
0  2  2 
 y z 

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 DiffEq Solution - Poiseuille

p  d 2Vx 
   2 
L  dy 
because this is the simple Poiseuille solution, we can see from
Eq. 2.7.18 that the above equation is equivalent to :
p  d 2Vx 
   2 
L  dy 
 d yx 
  
 dy 

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 DiffEq Solution - Poiseuille
 du x 
From our stress tensor definition , yx    
 dy 

Therefore, we can follow the solution from

Section 2.7.2 to end up with :
ph 2  4 y 2 
ux  1  2 
8L  h 

Now we can focus our remaining efforts on the perturbation

function.

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 Perturbation Function - Reduction
  2  2  • We can approach this
0  2  2  perturbation function by
 y z 
a separation of
Where variables method, as it
  y, z   Y  y Z z  is homogeneous.
Therefore
  2Y  y Z z   2Y  y Z  z 
0    
  y 2
 z 2

  2Y  y   2 Z z    2Y  y   2 Z z 
   Z z   Y y  Z z   Y y
1
2 
 2 
  y 2
 z  Y  y Z  z    y 2
 z 
0  1  2Y  y  1  2 Z z 
0   2 
  Y  y   y 2
Z  z   z 

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 Perturbation Function - Separation
• Because each term is independent of the other term, the
ONLY way this can be true is if each of the expressions is
equal to a constant. Thus we define a constant as follows:

2  
1  2
Y  y  
1  2
Z z 
Y  y  y 2 Z z  z 2
We can now use our standard homogeneou s
general solution :
Y  y   A1 sin y   A2 cosy 
Z z   B1 sinh y   B2 cosh y 

• Now we can use our boundary conditions to solve for

these constants.

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 Perturbation Function – B.C.’s
At y  0, we have a symetric region in our flow
(the point of maximum velocity on our parabola)
dY
  0|y  0
dy

 A1 cos 0   A2  sin  0   0

dY
dy
Because cos0   1, A1 must be 0.
At the walls (y   / - h/2) :

 0 cos h 2   A2  sin  h 2   0
dY
dy
To be a nontrivial solution, A2 cannot  0
Therefore, sin  h 2   0 (error in text ?)
Thus  can only have values of n  2n  1
h
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 Perturbation Function – B.C.’s
For the Z portion of our separated function :

 B1n cosh  0   B2 n sinh  0   0

dZ dZ
  0|z  0 
dz dz
Because cosh 0   1, B1 must be 0.

  B2  sinh h   0
dZ
dz
To be a nontrivial solution, B2 cannot  0
We can now combine our equation for Y and our equation for Z to give us  .

  Y  y Z  z     A1 cosn y B2 cosh n z 
n 1

Because constants are just constants, they combine


   An cosh n z  cosn y 
n 1

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 Perturbation Function – B.C.’s
We use our Boundary Conditions one more time to obtain :

  y, z    An cosh n z  cosn y 
n 1

     

 y , w 2   An cosh n w cosn y   u x
n 1
2

     
  
 2 2
An cosh n w cosn y  
p h 4 y
 y , w 2  1  2 
n 1
2 8L  h 
We now have an equation purely in terms of one variable (y). We can integrate to solve for
the coefficien t An . At this point the textbook multiplies both sides of the equation by
 2m  1y 
cos . This makes both sides of the equation appropriat ely periodic.
 h 
This solution is nontrivial only when n  m, so this can be rewritten as :

 

An cosh n  
cosn y  cos
2 n  1y  p h 2
 4 y 2
  2n  1y 
1  2  cos
w  
n 1
2  h  8L  h   h 
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 Perturbation Function – Integration
We can now integrate : DID YOU CATCH THAT?
 2n  1y 
 

An    cosh n w cosn y  cos
h/2

  dy 
n 0   
 h / 2 2 h 
h/2 ph 2  4 y 2   2n  1y 
h / 2 8L 1  h 2  cos h dy This is a form of the
Fourier Transform.
Rearrangin g, we can re - write with the coefficien t isolated :
 h / 2 cosh  w cos y  cos 2n  1y dy
 


   h / 2
n 0 
n 2 n   h  Express a function as a
An 
h / 2 ph 
2
4 y 2   2n  1y  series of sin and cosine
h / 2 8L 1  h 2  cos h dy terms, and then you can
integrate and
Which results in :
 ph 2  
 1 
n

32

3 3 

An   8L  2n  1   for n  0,1,2,..., 

 2n  1w 
cosh  
 2 h 
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 Perturbation Function – Integration
We can plug this into our original equations :
 2n  1z   2n  1y 
32 1 n
cosh   cos 
ph 2  4 y 2  ph 2     
v x  y, z   
h h
1  2  
8L  h  8L n 0
2n  13  3 cosh 2n  1w 
 2h 
The textbook covers a way of calculating the shear stress. However, we have the
stress tensor, so we can go to this tensor directly to calculate this from our equation
above.
  u x   u x  
 0       You should be able to start
  y   z   spotting the similarities between
  u   our velocity equation, above, and
τ     x
 0 0  the stress tensor on the left.
  y  
  u x  
    0 0 

  z  
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 Discussion
• Why would it be useful to run an analysis
like this?
– Helps select critical design dimensions for a
flow channel.
– If there is a controlling dimension, we can
design a workaround.
• Where else do you think they run this type
of analysis in engineering?

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 Announcements
• Office hours today, let me know if you
need them

• Tutorial lab tonight…will go over more

problems and answer questions about the
current assignment.

• New assignment to be posted soon.

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• QUESTIONS?

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