Lesson Five: Combining

semiconductors with phosphors.

 Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.

 Exercise a: Answer these questions:

1. What do the letters LED stand for?
 Local Economic Development
 Layout of Engineering Diagrams
 Local Employment Dynamics
 Light Emitting Diode
 Law Enforcement Division
 Local Economy Development
 Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.

 Exercise a: Answer these questions:

1. What do the letters LED stand for?
 Local Economic Development
 Layout of Engineering Diagrams
 Local Employment Dynamics
 Light Emitting Diode
 Law Enforcement Division
 Local Economy Development
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
 What do you know about LEDs?
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
 What do you know about LEDs?
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light
source. It is a basic pn - junction diode, which emits light when
activated. The familiar light bulb gives off light through
incandescence, a phenomenon in which the heating of a wire
filament by an electric current causes the wire to emit photons, the
basic energy packets of light. LEDs operate
by electroluminescence, a phenomenon in which the emission of
photons is caused by electronic excitation of a material.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
 When and where were they invented?
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
 When and where were they invented?
The first LED was built in the
1920s by Oleg Vladimirovich
Losev, a radio technician who
noticed that diodes used in
radio receivers emitted light
when current was passed
through them. The LED was
introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
 What sort of devices use LEDs ?
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
 What sort of devices use LEDs ?
LED, in full light-emitting diode, in electronics,
a semiconductor device that emits infrared or
visible light when charged with an electric
current. Visible LEDs are used in many
electronic devices as indicator lamps, in
automobiles as rear-window and brake lights,
and on billboards and signs as alphanumeric
displays or even full-colour posters. Infrared
LEDs are employed in autofocus cameras and
television remote controls and also as light
sources in fibre-optic telecommunication
systems.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
 Watch the video and then choose the best answer.

What prize did the inventors of the LED win?

a. Dijkstra b. PBS c. Nobel d. Dnews
The prize is awarded to:
a. Inventions that offer the greatest benefit to mankind
b. Innovations that offer benefits to science and industry
c. Scientific research applied to lighting
In the 19th century, Thomas Edison’s filament bulb replaced:
a. Candles b. gas lighting c. bonfire lighting
LEDs are expected to completely replace fluorescent and incandescent bulbs by the year:
a. 2015 b. 2020 c. 2050
The first high-brightness blue led was developed by:
a. Isamu Akasaki b. Hiroshi Amano c. Shuji Nakamura
To power the homes of the 1.2 billion people who lack Access to electricity with LEDs,
_____ would be more than enough.
a. Solar panels b. electricity grids c. small batteries d. a and c
LEDs are cheaper considering their:
a. Longevity b. production costs c. raw materials
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
b. Complete the spaces in the text on page 38 with is or are plus a preposition
from the box. The first two have been done for you.
As / by(x3) / from/ in (x2)/ through / with

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. To manufacture LEDs, semiconductors (1)
are combined (2) with phosphors. When electricity (3) is passed (4) through
a diode, infrared radiation (5) is emitted (6) by the semiconductor. This
radiation (7) is absorbed (8) by the phosphors in the diode and it (9) is then
reemitted (10) as visible light. LEDs (11) are used (12) in the indicator lights
and in the alphanumeric displays on many of the electronic devices and
appliances that we use at home and at work.
The semiconductors that (13) are used (14) in LEDs are called III-V
compound semiconductors. This is because they (15) are made (16) from
combinations of elements from column III of the periodic table (aluminum,
gallium, and indium) and elements from column V of the periodic table
(phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). The precise ratio of column III elements
to column V elements in a semiconductor (17) is selected (18) by the
manufacturer. In this way, the specific characteristics of an LED – color, the
amount of visible versus infrared radiation, and brightness – are determined.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
LEDs are made from
1.
c a. Compound semiconductors
semiconductors and …
2. The phosphoros turn b. Elements can be adjusted
infrared radiation into …
3. LEDs are used in the c. Phosphors
alphanumeric displays
on … d. Brightness of an LED
4. LED semiconductors are e. Electronic devices
known as III-V …
5. The ratio of column III f. Visible light
and column V …
6. The ratio of III and V
elements affects the …
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
LEDs are made from
1.
C a. Compound semiconductors
semiconductors and …
2. The phosphoros turn F b. Elements can be adjusted
infrared radiation into …
3. LEDs are used in the E c. Phosphors
alphanumeric displays
on … d. Brightness of an LED
4. LED semiconductors are A e. Electronic devices
known as III-V …
5. The ratio of column III B f. Visible light
and column V …
6. The ratio of III and V D
elements affects the …
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors.
Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83). Complete
each space with an appropriate adjective.

1. Thomas Edison is famous for the great number of inventions he patented.

2. She had been absent, and so she wasn’t aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
3. We were disappointed with the results. They weren’t as good as we had
expected.
4. My brother is absolutely brilliant at solving complex problems. He’s a genius!
5. We’re all very excited about the new project. It’s going to be very interesting.
6. She is responsible for supervising the quality control in the whole production
process.
7. I think they are perfectly capable of making up their own minds.
8. The team worked very well together. I was very pleased with their performance.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors. Extra work.
 Adjective-preposition combinations. Further
practice.
 Venice is famous ......... its canals.
(a) about (b) in (c) with (d) for
 My son is afraid ......... the dark.
(a) from (b) on (c) of (d) by
 Maria is married ......... my cousin.
(a) with (b) for (c) to (d) into
 The second hotel was different ......... the first.
(a) to (b) for (c) with (d) from
 Lucas is very good ......... drawing.
(a) at (b) on (c) to (d) with
 I'm tired ......... waiting for the bus. Let's take a taxi.
(a) to (b) on (c) of (d) from
 George was worried ......... his father's health.
(a) since (b) about (c) on (d) at
 I didn't know you were interested ......... science.
(a) in (b) for (c) on (d) to
 Why are you angry ......... him?
(a) of (b) from (c) on (d) with
 We were very pleased ......... the service.
(a) with (b) on (c) at (d) from
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors. Extra work.
 Adjective-preposition combinations (page 83).
Further practice.
 Venice is famous ......... its canals.
(a) about (b) in (c) with (d) for
 My son is afraid ......... the dark.
(a) from (b) on (c) of (d) by
 Maria is married ......... my cousin.
(a) with (b) for (c) to (d) into
 The second hotel was different ......... the first.
(a) to (b) for (c) with (d) from
 Lucas is very good ......... drawing.
(a) at (b) on (c) to (d) with
 I'm tired ......... waiting for the bus. Let's take a taxi.
(a) to (b) on (c) of (d) from
 George was worried ......... his father's health.
(a) since (b) about (c) on (d) at
 I didn't know you were interested ......... science.
(a) in (b) for (c) on (d) to
 Why are you angry ......... him?
(a) of (b) from (c) on (d) with
 We were very pleased ......... the service.
(a) with (b) on (c) at (d) from
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors. Extra work.
 Adjectives and
Prepositions
famous for good at
France is famous for its food. Einstein was very good at physics.
proud of married to
He is very proud of his new car. My mother has been married to my father
interested in for 20 years.
Julie is very interested in sport. excited about
I'm very excited about my holiday.
pleased with
different from / to
John is very pleased with his new
Coffee is different from tea.
suit.
afraid of
bad at I'm afraid of spiders
They are very bad at maths.
Combining semiconductors
with phosphors. Extra work!