MEC411

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS

NOOR LEHA ABDUL RAHMAN

T1-A18-4A
013-2977355
COURSE OUTCOMES
 Upon completion of this course, student should be
able to:
 CO1Apply the basic concepts and fundamental
principles in solid mechanics. [PO1, LO1, SS1] {C2}.
 CO2Analyze the state of stress and strain in elastic
mechanical members under various loading
conditions. [PO2, LO3, SS1]{C4}.
 CO3Evaluate the solid mechanics elements
involved in mechanical designs of engineering
structures. [PO4, LO3, SS1]{C6}
Course description
 Course Description
 The course deals with the study of stresses and
strains in deformable bodies under axial
loading, torsion, bending, and combined
loadings.
 The study is restricted to the linear-elastic
response of the bodies.
It covers the transformations of plane stress
and strain including the method of Mohr’s
circle, deflections of beams, buckling of
columns, and strain energy.
Course Content & Completion
Period
1.0 Concept of Stress
and Strain 2.0 Axially Loaded Members
(6 hours) (6 hours)
1.1 Free Body Diagram 2.1 Stress, Strain and
Deformation of Members
1.2 Equilibrium of a under Axial Load
Deformable Body
1.3 Normal Stress and 2.2 Statically Determinate
Normal Strain and Indeterminate
1.4 Shear Stress and Shear Problems
Strain
1.5 Stress-Strain Relation: 2.3 Problems Involving
Temperature Changes
Elastic Constants E, G and

 1.6 Factor of Safety
 Course Content & Completion
Period 4.0 Bending of Straight Beams
3.0 Torsion of Circular
Shafts (6 hours)
3.1 Torsion Formula and
Statically Determinate Shafts
3.2 Statically Indeterminate
Shafts
3.3 Power Transmission
Shafts
(9 hours)
 Bending of Straight Beams
 Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
 Bending Deformation of a
Straight Member And Flexure
Formula
 Shear stresses in beams and
shear formula
 Deflection and Slope of Beams
using Direct Integration Method
and Macaulay’s Method
 Course Content & Completion
Period 6.0 Transformations of Stress
and Strain(9)
5.0 Buckling of
Columns 6.1 General Equations for Plane
(3 hours) Stress Transformation
6.2 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
6.3 Absolute Maximum Shear
Stress
5.1 Euler's Buckling Formula 6.4 Transformation of Plane Strain
5.2 Columns Having Various 6.5 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain
Types of Supports 6.6 Determination of Stresses from
Strains: Generalized Hooke’s
law
Course Content & Completion
Period
7.0 Strain Energy (3 HOURS)

7.1 Introduction to Strain Energy Concept

7.2 Strain Energy due to Various Types of

Loading
Grading scheme
Assessment

 Course Work : (40 %)

 Test 1( 2 may 2018) :8.30-10 pm 10%

Test 2 (10%)– (6/6 2018)8.30 pm - 10 pm)

 Individual Assignment : 10 %
 Common Assignment :10%
Final Examination : (60 %)

 TOTAL : 100 %

 RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK

 R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition,

Prentice-Hall, 2014.

 REFERENCES

 Beer Johnston and De Wolf Mazurek, Mechanics of

Materials, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2012.
 E.J. Hearns, Mechanics of Materials, Pergamon Press,
Vol 1 & 2, 1997.
 R.T. Fenner, Mechanics of Solids, Blackwell.
Chapter 1:Concept of stress
and strain
1.1 Free Body Diagram
1.2 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
1.3 Normal Stress and Normal Strain
1.4 Shear Stress and Shear Strain
1.5 Stress-Strain Relation: Elastic Constants E,
G and 
 1.6 Factor of Safety
Chapter 1:Concept of stress
and strain
1.1 Free Body Diagram
1.2 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
1.3 Normal Stress and Normal Strain
1.4 Shear Stress and Shear Strain
1.5 Stress-Strain Relation: Elastic Constants E,
G and 
 1.6 Factor of Safety
Introduction
There are three fundamental areas of
Engineering Mechanics
 Statics
 Dynamics
 Strength of Materials
 Statics & Dynamics-Study of t the external effects of
forces on rigid bodies.Deformation of bodies can be
neglected

Mechanics of materials Deals with the relationship between externally

applied loads and their internal effects on bodies. Deformation of
bodies cannot be neglected.
MAIN OBJECTIVE OF MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
1.Determine the extent of the body to be included.
2. Completely isolate the body from supports and other attached
bodies.
3. If internal resultants are desired, pass a sectioning plane through
the member at the appropriate location.
4. Sketch the outline of the resulting Free Body
5. Indicate on the sketch all externally applied loads.
6. Clearly indicate the location, magnitude and direction of each
load.
7. At supports, connections and section cuts, show unknown forces
and couples.
8. Assign a symbol to each unknown.
9. Use sign convention to assign positive sense to unknowns or assign
it arbitrarily.
10.Label significant points and dimensions.
11.Show reference axes
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
External Forces
1. Surface Forces
- caused by direct contact of
other body’s surface

2. Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact
 External Loads Small contact area; treat
as a point

FR is resultant of One body acting

w(s) = area on another
under curve,
acts at centroid

One body acting

Acting on on another w/o
narrow area contact
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Reactions
 Surface forces developed at the supports/points of
contact between bodies.
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
2.Equations of Equilibrium
 Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces and
a balance of moments
F  0  MO  0
 For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin O,
F  0, F
x y  0,F z 0
M  0,M
x y  0,M z 0
 Bestway to account for these forces is to draw the
body’s free-body diagram (FBD).
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Internal Resultant Loadings
 Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and
moment acting within a body.
 In general, there are 4 different types of resultant
loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M
Coplanar Force System

Start with internal system of

forces as shown below to get
proper signs for V, N and M.

V
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
(FBD)
Example: Find the vertical reactions at A
and B for the shaft shown.
FBD
(800 N/m)(0.150 m) = 120 N
225 N

A B

Ay By
Equilibrium
Equations

+ MA  0  .400 m (B y )  120 N (. 275 m)  225 N (. 500 m)

 120 N (. 275 m)  225 N (.500 m)
By 
 .400 m
B y  363.75 N 
+ Fy  0  Ay  120 N  363 .75 N  225 N
A y  18 .75 N
A y  18.75 N 
Example 1.2
The beam AB is fixed to the wall and has a uniform
weight of 1200 N m. If the trolley supports a load of
6000 N,determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross sections through points C and D.
solution
Q1.1

Q1.1
*1–16. A 700-N bucket is suspended from a cable on the
wooden frame. Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section at E
Stress
 Distribution of internal loading is important in
mechanics of materials.
 We will consider the material to be continuous.
 This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.
Stress
Normal Stress σ
 Force per unit area acting normal to ΔA

Fz
 z  lim
A0 A

Shear Stress τ
 Force per unit area acting tangent to ΔA

Fx
 zx  lim
A0 A

Fy
 zy  lim
A0 A
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
 When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected
to axial force through the centroid, it is only
subjected to normal stress.
 Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
Average Normal Stress Distribution
 When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,
 dF    dA
A
σ = average normal stress
P  A P = resultant normal force
P A = cross sectional area of
 bar
A

Equilibrium
 2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.
1.4 Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of an
aluminum segment rigidly connected between steel and bronze segments.
What is the stress in each material given that P = 10 kN?
 Q1.2

1.Draw fbd
2.Determine axial forces
3.apply equation of force
equilibrium equilibrium
 NORMAL STRAIN
Normal Strain
The elongation / contraction of a line
segment per unit of length is referred to
as normal strain
Average normal strain is defined
as:

s 's
 avg 
s
+ε line
elongate
-ε line s's
contracts   lim
B  A along n s
If normal strain is known, then the
approximate final length is:

s'  1   s
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 Example 1.7
*2–8. Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a
rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a force is
applied to the end D of the member and causes it to rotate
By 0.3º , determine the normal strain in the cable.
Originally the cable is unstretched.
 solution
1.FBD:

B
B’

A C
 Q1.3
2–7. The pin-connected rigid rods AB and BC are inclined
at when they are unloaded. When the force P is
applied becomes 30.2°. Determine the average normal
strain developed in wire AC.
Shear stress
 Thestress induced in the body , when
subjected to two equal and opposite
forces which are acting tangentially
across the resisting section
Average Shear Stress
 The average shear stress distributed over each
sectioned area that develops a shear force.
V
 avg 
A
τ = average shear stress
v = internal resultant shear
force
A = area at that section
2 different types of shear:
a) Single Shear b) Double Shear
Single shear and double shear
EXAMPLE 1.9
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N.
Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of
contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the
horizontal plane defined by EDB.
SHEAR STRAIN
Shear Strain
Change in angle between 2 line
segments that were perpendicular to
one another refers to shear strain.

’ = the angle in the deformed state

between the two initially orthogonal
reference lines

θ<90 +shear strain

θ>90 -shear strain

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 Strain-Intensity of deformation
 Objects of the same materials but
different sizes demonstrate different
effects when subjected to the same load
 Normal strain (): measures the change in
size (elongation/contraction)
 Shearing strain (): measures the change
in shape (angle formed by the sides of a
body
 EXAMPLE
Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the dashed
shape shown in Fig. 2–6a. Determine (a) the average
normal strain along the side AB, and (b) the average
shear strain in the plate at A relative to the and y axes.
EXAMPLE (cont)
Solutions
Part (a)
 Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes line after deformation,
thus the length of this line is

AB'  250  22  32  248.018 mm

 The average normal strain for AB is therefore

 AB avg  AB' AB  248.018  250  7.93103  mm/mm (Ans)

AB 250

 The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.

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EXAMPLE (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
 As noted, the once 90° angle BAC between the sides of the plate,
referenced from the x, y axes, changes to θ’ due to the
displacement of B to B’.

 Since  xy  2   ' then  xy is the angle shown in the figure.

 Thus,
 3 
 xy  tan 1    0.0121 rad (Ans)  0.6931 degree
 250  2 

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Q1.5
Stress vs strain relationship
Why stress vs strain
Why stress vs strain
Tensile test
APPLICATIONS
The Stress–Strain Diagram
Conventional Stress–Strain Diagram
 Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by
dividing the applied load P by the specimen’s
original cross-sectional area.
P

A0

 Nominal or engineering strain is obtained by

dividing the change in the specimen’s gauge
length by the specimen’s original gauge length.



L0
1. Elastic Behaviour 3. After yielding a further load will
Stress is proportional to the strain. reaches a ultimate stress
Material is said to be linearly elastic
3.Necking
2. Yielding At ultimate stress, cross-sectional area begins
Increase in stress above elastic to decrease in a localized region of the specimen.
limit will cause material to deform
permanently
4.fracture Specimen breaks at the fracture stress
Ductile Materials
Material that can subjected to large strains before it ruptures is called a
ductile material.
APPLICATIONS (cont)

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Brittle Materials
Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before failure are referred to as
brittle materials
Hooke’s Law
 Hooke’s Law defines the linear relationship between
stress and strain within the elastic region.

σ = stress
E = modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus

  E ε = strain

Ecan be used only if a material has linear–elastic

behaviour.
Hooke’s Law
Strain Hardening
 When ductile material is loaded into the plastic
region and then unloaded, elastic strain is
recovered.
 The plastic strain remains and material is subjected
to a permanent set.
Strain Energy
 When material is deformed by external loading, it
will store energy internally throughout its volume.
 Energy is related to the strains called strain energy.

Modulus of Resilience
 When stress reaches the proportional limit, the
strain-energy density is the modulus of resilience, ur.

1  pl
2
1
ur   pl pl 
2 2 E
Strain Energy
Modulus of Toughness
 Modulus of toughness, ut, represents the entire area
under the stress–strain diagram.
 It indicates the strain-energy density of the material
just before it fractures.
Poisson’s Ratio
 Poisson’sratio, v (nu), states that in the elastic range,
the ratio of these strains is a constant since the
deformations are proportional.
 lat
v Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless.
 long Typical values are 1/3 or 1/4.
 Negative sign since longitudinal elongation (positive
strain) causes lateral contraction (negative strain),
and vice versa.
POISSON’s RATIO

A material loaded in one direction will undergo

strains perpendicular to the direction of the load in
addition to those parallel to the load

The ratio between the two strains = Poisson’s ratio

()
lat = lateral strain =  t = tranverse strain
long = longitudinal strain =  a = axial strain

 lat
v
 long

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 The longitudinal strain is also defined as the deformation of
the body per unit length in the direction of the applied load.
Let L = Length of the body,
P = Tensile force acting on the body,
δL = Increase in the length of the body in the direction of ap
plied load
= L/L

Lateral strain:
The strain at right angles to the direction of applied load is known as lateral
strain. (d/d)
 lat
v
 long
SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
 Strength parameter G – Shear modulus of elasticity or
the modules of rigidity
 G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s
ratio v.

  G

E
G
21  v 

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Q 1.6
 1(a)Anuclear reactor consists of a
member that is subjected with an axial
load of 20 kN. It is found out
experimentally that the ultimate tensile
strength (failure load) for material B is
greater than material A. Briefly explain
which material is preferred to be used as
the member to hold the axial loading of
20 kN. (You do not have to calculate the
factor of safety value(5)
1(b) The structure in Figure Q1(b) shows link AB which is
made of steel, has the allowable normal stress of 450 MPa.
Determine the cross-sectional area of link AB if the
factor of safety, F.S. = 3.5 (10)

8 kN/m
A

35o
C D E
B

0.4 m 0.4 m 0.4 m

20 kN