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M ean 2
exactly the same,
but they are 2
close, so the
variance among 1
small. 0
-2 0 -1 0 0 10
Ra w S c o re s (X )
Rationale for ANOVA (3)
Suppose we sample people from 3 different populations.
Our results might look like this:
Note that the Three Samples from 3 Diffferent Populations
0
-2 0 -1 0 0 10 20
Mean 1
M ean 1 3
3
M ean 3 Mean 2
M ean 2
Mean 3
2 2
SD Group 1
1 1
Sta n d a rd De v Gro u p 3
0
0
-2 0 -1 0 0 10
Ra w S c o re s (X )
-2 0 -1 0 0 10 20
cell is shown.
0
ANOVA Calculations
Sums of squares (squared deviations from the mean)
tell the story of variance. The simple ANOVA designs
have 3 sums of squares.
0.4
0.3
Grand Mean
0.1
0.0
Low High
Scores on the Dependent Variable by Group
Xi XA ( X i X A )2
G1 75 79 16
Within Control 77 79 4
Sum of M=79 79 79 0
Squares
SD=3.16 81 79 4
83 79 16
G2 80 84 16
M=84 82 84 4
SD=3.16 84 84 0
86 84 4
SSW ( X i X A )2 88 84 16
G3 70 74 16
M=74 72 74 4
SD=3.16 74 74 0
76 74 4
78 74 16
Sum 120
Within sum of squares refers to the variance within
cells. That is, the difference between scores and their
cell means. SSW estimates error.
SSW ( X i X A )2
0.5
Relative Frequency
0.4
0.3
0.0
Low High
Scores on the Dependent Variable by Group
XA XG ( X A X G )2
G1 79 79 0
Between Control 79 79 0
Sum of M=79 79 79 0
Squares
SD=3.16 79 79 0
79 79 0
G2 84 79 25
M=84 84 79 25
SD=3.16 84 79 25
SSB N A ( X A X G )2 84 79 25
84 79 25
G3 74 79 25
M=74 74 79 25
SD=3.16 74 79 25
74 79 25
74 79 25
Sum 250
The between sum of squares relates the Cell Means to
the Grand Mean. This is related to the variance of the
means.
SSB N A ( X A X G ) 2
Grand Mean
0.5
Relative Frequency
0.4
0.3
0.0
Low High
Scores on the Dependent Variable by Group
ANOVA Source Table (1)
Source SS df MS F
dfW 1 2 3 4 5