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Diploma in Information Technology

ESOFT
01

Fundamentals of Information & Communication Technology

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Computer

 Programmable machine

 Electronic device

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Computer

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Data
 Any form of information whether on paper or in
electronic form

 Text
 Numbers
 Images
 Audio
 Video

 Everything read and written by the computer can be considered data


except for instructions in a program that are executed (software)

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Data

 Raw Data

 Processed Data
Processing……

Processed
Raw
(Information)

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Information
 A Message
 Received & Understood

 A collection of facts, where a


conclusion is to be drawn

 Result of
 Processing
 Manipulating
 Organizing

 Add Knowledge

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Information Technology (IT)

 Using computers & help to create and maintain data

 Managing Data & Processing Information

 Collection of technologies that deal specifically with


processing, storing, and communicating information,
including all types of computer and communications
systems

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Information Technology (IT)
 Functions
 Data capturing & input

 Data & information representation / storage

 Data Processing

 Information & Presentation & Output

 Data Transmission

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Computer System

Hardware Software

Firmware Live ware

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Hardware

 Physical Components

1. Monitor
2. Motherboard
3. CPU
4. RAM
5. Expansion cards
6. Power supply
7. Disc drive
8. Hard disk drive
9. Keyboard
10. Mouse

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Software

 Collection of
 Programs & Applications

 Contain Instructions

System Software
 used to control the computer and develop and run applications
Application Software
 to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks

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Firmware

 Coded instructions that are


stored permanently ROM …

 Written by Manufacturer

 Only Read

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Firmware

 RAM-load the software when


we want to run them.

 Operating system loads to


RAM

For
Start up the machine
(booting)
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Live ware

 Human

 Operate the system using


hardware and software

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Types of Computers

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Mainframe Computer
 Big
 Powerful
 Expensive

 Use in the background of


most large Companies.

 Why
 Distribute among many
people accessing
 Using
 Large Organization

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Personal Computer
 1981 – IBM invented “IBM 5150”
 Early OS – Ran an DOS (Disk Operating System) [command prompt]
 Today OS – Microsoft Windows, Linux [GUI]

 Why
 Easy
 Not expensive

 Using
 Home

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Apple MAC
 1984 – Made by Apple Computers (Macintosh)

 Why
 Graphical User Interface
 More easy


 commercially successful
personal computer

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Networked Computer
 Connect 2 or More computers
together

 Why
 Easily communicate between
computers
 work together
 Sharing others Resources
 Printers, Scanners

 Using
 Companies, Office environment

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Laptop & Palmtop Computers
 Laptop (Notebook)
 Portable
 Power from Main power or Batteries
 Special Screen (flat & slim)

 Palmtop
 Smaller computers
 Fit in to the Palm
 popular in sales/marketing person
 Expensive and equally powerful like desktop

 For
 mobile user

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Tablet PC

 Fully featured Computer


 Portable
 Lighter
 Flat touch screen
 Use stylus pen or digital pen
 larger than a mobile phone or
personal digital assistant
 Lighter in weight

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Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

 Also like a computer


 Store & retrieving data
 Many can connect Internet

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Basic Hardware Elements

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Output
Central Processing Unit

Control Unit
Input

Arithmetic & Logical Unit

Storage
Memory Unit

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Brain in computer, Responsible for smooth running OS & application programs
 Arithmetic & Logical Unit
 CPU circuit that does calculating and comparing
 Numbers are transferred from memory into the ALU for calculation, and the results are
sent back into memory

 Control Unit

 Register
 small amount of storage available on the CPU
 Hold temporary results
 Very high speed Memory slot
 Cache Memory
 Data transfer from RAM
 High speed buffer Memory

 Speed
 The CPUs speed is determined by its internal clock speed , measured in Hertz (Hz)

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Memory
 For
 Storing the current programs in running
 (Data & Instructions it use)
 Working Memory
 Main Memory
 Primary Storage

RAM ROM

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Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Main working Memory

 Specific contents can be


accessed (read or written)
directly by the CPU in a very
short time

 At the time computer is “ON”,


it is copied to the RAM

 Volatile
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Read Only Memory (ROM)

 Memory Chip

 Read

 Write

 Nonvolatile

 ROM-BIOS
 Contain read-only software that start up the computer

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Video Graphics Memory
 Store hold on-screen pictures

 Memory chip
 located On Video Card

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Computer Memory Capacity
 All computers work on a binary numbering system
 Machines are made as in 16bit, 32bit and 64 bit

 Bit – (BInary digiT)

 Byte – (BinarY TablE)

 KB, MB, GB, TB

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Input Devices
 Mouse

 a pointing device

 Mechanical mouse
1. moving the mouse turns the
 Optical mouse ball.
2. X and Y rollers grip the ball
 Wired and transfer movement
 Wireless 3. Optical encoding disks
include light holes.
4. Infrared LEDs shine through
the disks.
5. Sensors gather light pulses
to convert to X and Y
vectors.

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Input Devices
 Keyboard

 Arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as


electronic switches
 101-key US traditional keyboards
 104-key Windows keyboards

 Include
 Alphabetic characters
 Numbers
 Symbols
 Function keys
 Arrow keys
 Navigation keys such as Home, End, Page Up,
Page Down, etc
 Num Lock, Caps Lock, Scroll Lock
 Enter Key

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Input Devices
 Track Ball

 A pointing device consisting


of a ball

 Detect a rotation of the ball

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Input Devices
 Scanners
 A device that optically scans
images, printed text,
handwriting, or an object, and
converts it to a digital
image

 Optical Character Recognition


 Converting a printed text in to
editable text

OCR Creates ASCII Text


When text documents are scanned, they are "photographed" and
stored as pictures in the computer. OCR software analyzes the
symbols in the image and converts each letter and digit into an
ASCII character.

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Input Devices
 Touch Pads

 A pointing device
 Consisting of specialized surface
 Can translate the motion and
position of a user's fingers to a
relative position on screen

 Common feature of laptop


 Substitute for a computer
mouse

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Input Devices
 Light Pens

 Use on the light sensitive interface


 Allows the user to point to
displayed objects, or draw on the
screen.
 In a similar way to a touch screen
but with greater positional accuracy
 Can work with any CRT-based
display, but not with LCD screens
 Works by sensing the sudden small
change in brightness of a point on
the screen

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Input Devices
 Joysticks

 Mainly used to control video


games
 Usually have one or more
push-buttons

 Also used for controlling


machines such as cranes,
trucks, underwater
unmanned vehicles etc.

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Input Devices
 Microphones

 Converts sound into an


electrical signal.

 Analog to Digital

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Input Devices
 Web Cams

 Feeds its images in real time to a


computer

 Common use as a camera for the


world wide web

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Input Devices
 Digital Cameras

 Takes video or still photographs,


or both

 Stored digitally in memory

 Easily be transfer to the


computer

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Output Devices
 VDU (Visual Display Unit)

 A screen that displays characters


or graphics representing data in a
computer memory

 Monitor
 CRT
 LCD

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Output Devices
 Graphics For games

 Graphics Card

 Generate output images to a


display

 Dedicate purely display the


graphics on the screen

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Output Devices
 Multimedia Projectors

 provides a high value of luminous


intensity in one direction

 Display Presentation

 Resolution
 (minimum XGA)
 Brightness of the lamp

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Output Devices
 Printers

 Laser Printer
 High print quality at high speed
 Inkjet Printers
 Using tiny jets of spraying ink
 Dot Matrix Printers
 Firing a row of pins through an
ink ribbon
 Lot of Noise
 Plotters
 Print large images

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Output Devices
 Speakers

 Converting electrical energy


into sound

 Digital to Analog

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Input output Devices
 Modem

 Modulator-demodulator

 Modulates an analog carrier


signal to encode digital
information, and also
demodulates such a carrier
signal to decode the
transmitted information

 Speed determine by kilobits


per second

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Input output Devices
 Touch Screen

 Detect the location


according to touch

 Also a screen to display

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Storage Devices
 Internal Hard Disk
 EIDE – for desktop
 Enhanced [IDE] Integrated Drive Electronics
 SCSI – for large Network
 Small Computer System Interface
(set of standards for physically connecting
and transferring data between computers)

 External Hard Disk

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Drivers & Disk
 Zip

 Jaz

 Floppy (Diskettes)

Iomega ZIP-100 Drive Logo


Internal and external 1GB Iomega Jaz
drives with media.

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CD & DVD
 CD
 Compact Disc

 DVD
 Digital Video Disc
 Digital Versatile Disc

 Formatting Disk

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The Use of IT Everyday Life

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Computers at work

 Computers are useful in repetitive, automated, mathematical,


dangerous tasks

 Systems using computers


 Take a good look at your day-to-day operation.
 Where could you save time and money?
 Is every minute of your day productive

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Computers at work
1. Business Administration Systems
 Airline Booking Systems
 Insurance Claims Processing
 Online banking
2. Governmental Computer Applications
 People Registration Systems
 Vehicle Registration Systems
 Electronic voting system
3. Hospitals and health care systems
 Patient record systems
 Ambulance control systems

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Computers at work
4. Applications in Education
 Student registration and timetabling
 computer based training
 home work resource
 Distance learning / e-learning
5. In Control Systems
 Traffic controlling
 nuclear power generation systems
 chemical processing systems
 water processing systems
 Auto pilot systems

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Computers at work
 Use Information system for decision making

 Management information system


 A computer system
 designed to provide management with up-to-date information on an
organization's performance
 output information in a form that is useable by managers at all levels
of the organization
 e.g. inventory and sales, an annual report for a stockholder

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Computers at work
 Executive information system
 An information system
 summarizes ongoing transactions within the organization
 provides top management with all the information
 Decision support system
 An information and planning system
 supports technological and managerial decision making by assisting in
the organization
 Expert system
 a computer system or program
 that uses artificial intelligence techniques to solve problems
 normally require a knowledgeable human
 to solve complex problems

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E-mail

 Electronic-MAIL

 Messages and other data exchanged between


individuals

 Early email systems required that the author and


the recipient both be online at the same time, in
common with instant messaging.

 email systems are based on a store-and-forward


model

 Fast & Free

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E-mail Address

name@company.com
Domain Name
User Name The Domain
Mail server.
State who specifically What type of web
Company or organization
owns page
.com – commercial
@ .org – Organization
Separate name & . (dot) .edu – Education
it’s general server .net – Internet related
Separate part of the
.gov - Government
name address

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E-Business
 Business activities electronically via Internet
 more than just selling or buying products and services
 providing technical or customer support

 Business 2 Customer
 a person buying a pair of shoes from a retailer
 Business 2 Business
 sale of the shoe from the shoemaker to the retailer
 Business 2 Employee
 employee work at any time at any place

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E-Commerce
 Buying and selling of products or services over
electronic systems such as the Internet

 Advantages
 Services available 24 / 7 / 365
 Large stock range
 Detailed product information
 Ability to compare prices
 Equal delivery to town and country
 Right to return defective goods

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E-Commerce
 Disadvantages
 Possible credit card fraud
 Is the website genuine ???
 Is returning faulty goods possible
 How are you covered when you purchase goods from another
country
 Without real contact person sometimes difficult to follow up a
transaction

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Windows 7

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Desktop
Select a Screen saver

Right click on
Personalize Screen Saver
desktop

To be demonstrated as practical

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Desktop
To set desktop background

Right click on Desktop


Personalize
desktop background

To be demonstrated as practical

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Control panel
 Contains numerous icons that allows to control the
system.
 The icons on control panel may varies from one PC to
another because of different windows versions,
connection to internet, different hardware installations.
 To open control panel on Windows 7

Control
Start panel

To be demonstrated as practical

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Change Date and Time

Click on
Change date
System Tray bottom right
and Time
corner

To be demonstrated as practical

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Other settings….
Configure volume
settings

Configure the
Mouse

Configure the
Keyboard

Customize Desktop
Icons
To be demonstrated as practical

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Managing Files
 Explorer Window

 Managing directories/folders
 Create folder
 Rename file/folder
 Select multiple folders
 Delete and Restore file/folder
 Search

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Wildcard characters

Wildcard character Uses

* For zero or more characters

? Single character

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