INTRODUCTION TO C

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 Steps in learning C

Character
Tokens Instructions Programs
Set

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 C Character Set

C Character Set

Source Execution
Character Set Character Set

Alphabets Digits Special White Escape

Characters Spaces Sequence

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 C Character Set (Cont)
• Source Character Set
– It is used to construct the statements in the
program.
• Executable Character Set
– These characters are employed at the time of
execution i.e. they have effects only when the
program is being executed.

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Source Character Set
Letters a to z ,A to Z
Digits 0 to 9
Special Characters !@#$%^&*()_-+
= \ | { } [ ] etc,.
White Spaces Blank Space ,Horizontal
tab, New line, Vertical
tab etc,.

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 Special characters
• Comma ,
• Period or dot .
• Semicolon ;
• Colon :
• Apostrophe ‘
• Quotation mark “
• Exclamation mark !
• Vertical bar |
• Back Slash \
• Tilde ~
• Underscore -
• Dollar $
• Question mark Noornilo Nafees? 6
• Ampersand &
• Caret ^
• Asterisk *
• Minus -
• Addition +
• Lesser than <
• Greater than >
• Parenthesis ()
• Bracket []
• Braces {}
• Percentage %
• Hash #
• Equal to =
• At the rate Noornilo Nafees
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Executable Character Set
Characters Escape Sequence
Back Space \b
Horizontal Space \t

Vertical Space \v

Newline \n

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 C Tokens
• The smallest element in the C language is
the token.
• It may be a single character or a sequence
of characters.

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 C Tokens (Cont)

C Tokens

Identifiers Keywords Constants Strings operators spI

symbol
Eg:main, Eg: int, Eg:17, Eg: “ab” Eg: + Eg: #
avg for 15.5 - $%

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Executing a C Program

Creating the Program

Compilation

Linking

Execution
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 Executing a C Program (Cont)
• Enter the program in a C editor.
• Save the program (File  Save) or F2.
Use the extension .c for saving the file.
Eg: sample.c
• Compile the program(Compile  Compile)
or Alt+F9.
• Run the program(Run  Run) or Ctrl+F9.

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Structure of C program
DOCUMENTATION SECTION
PREPROCESSOR SECTION
DEFINITION SECTION

GLOBAL DECLARATION SECTION

main()
{
Declaration part;
Executable Part;
}
sub program section
{
Body of the subprogram;
}
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• Documentation Section
– It contains the comment lines.
• Preprocessor Section
– It is used to link library files.
• Global Declaration Section
– The Global declaration section comes at the
beginning of the program and they are visible
to all parts of the program.
• Declaration Section
– It describes the data to be used within the
function.
• Executable Part
– It contains the valid statements.
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 C Programs
 C program may have many functions.
 One and only one of the functions MUST BE
named main.
 main is the starting point for the program.
 main and other functions in a program are
divided into two sections, declaration
section and statement section.

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 Preprocessor Directives
• Special instructions to the preprocessor
that tells how to prepare the program for
compilation
• E.g: include : tells the processor to
include information from selected libraries
known as header files e.g. <stdio.h>

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Comments (Program documentation)

 The compiler simply ignores comments

when it translates the program into
executable code.
 To identify a comments, C uses opening
/* and closing */ comment tokens.

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Comments (Cont)
 Comments can appear anywhere in a
program.
 Comments are also found wherever it is
necessary to explain a point about a code.
 Comments cannot be nested in C i.e. you
cannot have comments inside comments.

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 C program
/* Example program in C*/ Comments
# include <stdio.h>Preprocessor Section
#include<conio.h>
Global Declaration

void main ()
{ Local declaration

printf (“Hello World! \n”); Statements

getch();
}
Output :
Hello World Noornilo Nafees 19
 C Tokens
• Identifiers
• Keywords
• Constants
• Operators
• Special symbols

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Identifiers
• Identifiers are names given to various
program elements such as variables,
functions and arrays etc,.
• Eg: #define N 10
#define a 15
Here N and a are user defined identifiers.

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 Rules for naming identifier
• First character must be alphabetic or
underscore.
• Must consist only of alphabetic characters,
digits, or underscores.
• Only the first 31 characters of an identifier are
significant and are recognized by the compiler.
• Cannot use a keywords or reserved word (e.g.
main, include, printf & scanf etc.).
• No space are allowed between the identifiers
etc,.
• C is case sensitive, e.g. My_name  my_name.
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Examples of Valid and Invalid Names

Valid Names Invalid Names

a a1 $sum /* $ is illegal */

student_name stdntNm 2names /* Starts with 2 */

_aSystemName _anthrSysNm stdnt Nmbr /* no spaces */

TRUE FALSE int /* reserved word */

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 Variables
• Variable is an identifier that is used to
represent some specified type of
information.
• Eg: x=3
• Here x is variable.

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 Keywords
• It is a reserved words.
• Cannot be used for anything else.
• Examples:
– int
– while
– for etc,.

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 Keywords
Auto register Continue
Double typedef For
Int Char signed
Struct extern void
Break return Default
Else union Goto
Long Const sizeof
Switch Float do
Case short If
Enum unsigned
Static While
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 Constants
• It is an entity whose value does not
changes during the execution.
• Eg: x=3
• Here 3 is a constant.

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 Types
• Numeric constants
• Character constant

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 Constants

Constants

Numeric Constants Character Constants

Integer Real Single String

Constant Constant Character Constant
Constant

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 Numeric constants
Integer constants
• It is formed using a sequence of digits.
Decimal - 0 to 9 .
Octal - 0 to 7.
Hexa - 0 to 9 ,A to F

Eg: 10,75 etc.

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Rules for defining Integer Constant
• It must have atleast one digit.
• Decimal point are not allowed.
• No blank space or commas are allowed.
• It can be either positive or negative. Etc,.

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 Numeric constants
Real constants
• It is formed using a sequence of digits but
it contain decimal point.
• length, height, price distance measured in
real number
Eg: 2.5, 5.11, etc.

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 Character constants
Single character constant
– A character constant is a single character
they also represented with single digit or a
single special symbol which is enclosed in
single quotes.
– Eg: ‘a’, ‘8’,’_’etc.

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 Character constants
String constants
• String constant are sequence of characters
enclosed with in double quote.
• Eg: “Hello” ,”444”,”a” etc,.

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 Operators
• An operator is a symbol that specifies an
operation to be performed on the
operands.
• Eg: a + b
+ is an operator.
a,b are operands.

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 Data Types
 A Data type is the type of data that are
going to access within the program.

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 DATA TYPES

DATA TYPES

USER
PRIMARY DERIVED
DERIVED

CHARACTER INTEGER REAL

short int, Array, Function, Structure, union

char
int, long int Pointer ….
Float,
double
longNoornilo
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integer
 A number without a fraction part : integral
number.
 C supports three different sizes of the
integer data type :
 short int

 int

 long int

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 Floating Point
 A floating-point type is a number with a
fractional part, e.g. 56.78
 Floating point numbers are stored using
4 Byte.
 Types
 Float
 Double
 long double

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character

• Character are generally stored using 8

bits(1 Byte) of the internal storage.

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void
 The void type has no values and no
operations.
 Both the set of values and the set of
operations are empty.

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 Variable Declaration
 To create a variable, you must specify the type and
then its identifier :
 Integer
int a;
a=10;

int a=10;

int a,b;
a=10;
b=5;

int a=10,b=5;
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 Variable Declaration
 To create a variable, you must specify the type and
then its identifier :
 Float
float a;
a=10.5;

float a=10.5;

float a,b;
a=10.5;
b=5.5;

float a=10.5,b=5.5;
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 Variable Declaration
 To create a variable, you must specify the type and
then its identifier :
 Character
char a;
a=‘x’;

char a=‘x’;

char a,b;
a=‘x’;
b=‘y’;

char a=‘x’,b=‘y’;
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 Variable Declaration
 To create a variable, you must specify the type and
then its identifier :
 String
char a[6];
a=“NAFEES”;

char a[6]=“NAFEES”;

N A F E E S
a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5]

Representation of string a

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 Entire Data types in c:
Data type Size(bytes) Range Format string

Char 1 128 to 127 %c

Unsigned char 1 0 to 255 %c

Short or int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 %i or %d

Unsigned int 2 0 to 65535 %u

Long 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647 %ld

Unsigned long 4 0 to 4294967295 %lu

Float 4 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38 %f or %g

Double 8 1.7 e-308 to 1.7 e+308 %lf

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Long Double 10 3.4 e-4932 to 1.1 e+4932 %lf
 Basic C programs
#include<stdio.h>//program to display given data
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
OUTPUT
int a=10; Integer value : 10
float b=10.88; Float value : 10.88
char c=‘$’; Character :$
String : Nafees
char d[6]=“Nafees”;
clrscr();
printf(“Integer value : %d\n”,a);
printf(“Float value : %f\n”,b);
printf(“Character : %c\n”,c);
printf(“String : %s”,d);
getch();
} Noornilo Nafees 47
 Basic C programs
#include<stdio.h>//program to display given data from user
#include<conio.h>
void main() printf(“Integer value : %d\n”,a);
{ printf(“Float value : %f\n”,b);
int a; printf(“Character : %c\n”,c);
printf(“String : %s”,d);
float b;
getch();
char c; }
char d[6];
clrscr();
OUTPUT
Enter a integer value :12
printf(“Enter a integer value : “); Enter a float value : 5.34
scanf(“%d”,&a); Enter a character : h
printf(“Enter a float value : “); Enter a string : Nafees
scanf(“%f”,&b); Integer value : 12
printf(“Enter a character : “); Float value : 5.34
Character :h
scanf(“%c”,&c); String : Nafees
printf(“Enter a string : “);
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scanf(“%s”,d);
 Types of Operator
1. Arithmetic operator
2. Relational operator
3. Logical operator
4. Assignment operator
5. Short hand assignment operator
6. Increment or decrement operator(unary)
7. Comma operator
8. Conditional operator
9. Bitwise operator
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 Arithmetic operator
• It is used to carry out arithmetic
operations
NAME OPERATOR
ADDITION +
SUBTRACTION -
MULTIPLICATION *
DIVISION /
MODULUS %
(REMAINDER)

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SAMPLE PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h> // Header File
#include <conio.h>
void main ( ) /* main is the starting of every c program */
{
int a=5,b=2; //Local Declaration
clrscr( ); OUTPUT
printf(“Addition : %d\n”,(a+b)); Addition :7
printf(“Subtraction : %d\n”,(a-b)); Subtraction :3
printf(“Multiplication : %d\n”,(a*b)); Multiplication : 10
Division :2
printf(“Division : %d\n”,(a/b)); Modulus(remainder):1
printf(“Modulus(remainder): %d”,(a%b));
getch( );
}

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Division operator on Different
Data Type

Operation Result Example

int/int int 5/2 = 2
int/real real 5/2.0 = 2.5
real/int real 5.0/2 = 2.5
real/real real 5.0/2.0 = 2.5

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 Relational operator
• It is used to compare two or more
operands and returns 1 if true else return 0
NAME OPERATOR
Less than <
Less than or equal to <=
Greater than >
Greater than or equal to >=
Equal to ==
Not equal to !=

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 Relational Operator…
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf(“\n5!=3:%d”,(5!=3)); OUTPUT
printf(“\n5<=3:%d”,(5<=3)); 5!=3 :1
printf(“\n5>=3:%d”,(5>=3)); 5<=3 :0
printf(“\n5<7 :%d”,(5<7)); 5>=3 :1
printf(“\n5>4 :%d”,(5>4)); 5<7 :1
5>4 :1
getch();
}

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 Logical operator
• It is used to perform logical operations

NAME OPERATOR
AND &&
OR ||
NOT !

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Sample program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
clrscr( );
printf(“\n(5<=8)&&(4>=2):%d”,((5<=8)&&(4>=2)));
printf(“\n(5>=3)||(6<4):%d”,((5>=3)||(6<4)));
printf(“\n!(7==7):%d”,!(7==7));
getch( );
} OUTPUT
(5<=8)&&(4>=2) : 1
(5>=3)||(6<4) :1
!(7==7) :0

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 Assignment operator
• It is used to assign a value or
expression etc to a variable.

• Eg: a =10.(assignment operator ‘=‘

assigns value 10 to variable a.
a=b
a = b + c etc,.

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Shorthand Assignment Operator

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 Increment & Decrement Operator
NAME OPERATOR
Increment operator ++
Decrement operator --

Pre Increment Post Increment

int a=10; int a=10;
++a a++
Now value of a is 11 Now value of a is 11

Pre decrement Post decrement

int a=10; int a=10;
--a a--
Now value of a is 9 Now value of a is 9

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 Increment & Decrement Operator
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter a & b value : \n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
printf(“Value of a & b before increment : %d %d\n”,a,b);
printf(“Value of a & b after increment : %d
%d\n”,a++,b++);
printf(“Value of a & b after decrement : %d %d\n”,a--,b—);
getch();
} Noornilo Nafees 60
Increment & Decrement Operator

OUTPUT
Enter a & b value :
6
9
Value of a & b before increment : 6 9
Value of a & b after increment : 7 10
Value of a & b after decrement : 5 8

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 Conditional Operator (or)
Ternary Operator
• It is used to checks the condition and
execute the statement depending on the
condition.
• Eg: C = a > b ? a:b

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Sample Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( ) OUTPUT
The Larger Value is 8
{
int a=5,b=8,c;
clrscr( );
c = a>b?a:b; //Conditional operator
printf(" \n The Larger Value is %d",c);
getch( );
}

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Output
The Larger Value is 8

OUTPUT
The Larger Value is 8

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 Special Operator
• comma operator ( , )

EX: int a,b;

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 Expression
• An expression represent data item such as
variable, constant are interconnected
using operators.
• Eg:

Expression C Expression
a+b+c a+b+c
a2+b2 a*a + b*b

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Precedence Operator

High *,/,%

Low +,-

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 Type Conversion
• Converting the type of an expression from
one type to another type.
Eg: x = (int)10.45

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 Sample Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int c;
clrscr( );
c=(int)10.45;
printf("\nOutput is:%d",c);
getch( );
}
OUTPUT
Output is:10
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 Input/Output Function
Input/Output
Function

Formatted Unformatted

Input Output
Input Output getc()
gets() putc()
scanf() printf() getchar() puts()
Noornilo Nafeesgetch() putchar()
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 Formatted Input/Output
 C uses two functions for formatted
input and output.

 Formatted input : reads formatted

data from the keyboard.

 Formatted output : writes formatted

data to the monitor.

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Formatted Input and Output

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 Standard Output
 The standard output file is the monitor.

 Like the keyboard, it is a text file.

 When you need to display data that is

not text, it must be converted into to the
text before it is written to the screen.
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Format of printf Statement

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 Formatted Input (scanf)

• The standard formatted input function in C is

scanf (scan formatted).
• scanf consists of :
 a format string .

 an address list that identifies where data

are to be placed in memory.

scanf ( format string, address list );

(“%c….%d…..%f…..”, &a,….&i,…..,&x…..)
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Format of scanf Statement

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 Character Test Function
• It is used to test the character taken from
the input.
• isalpha(ch)
• isdigit(ch)
• islower(ch)
• isupper(ch)
• tolower(ch)
• toupper(ch) etc,.

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 getchar() Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
{
char x;
printf("enter the character:");
x=getchar();
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 if(islower(x))
putchar(toupper(x));
else
putchar(tolower(x));
getch();
}

Output:
enter the character : A
a Noornilo Nafees 79
 getc Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
{
char x;
printf("enter the character:");
x=getc(stdin);
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 if(islower(x))
putc(toupper(x),stdout);
else
putc(tolower(x),stdout);
getch();
}

Output:
enter the character:a
A
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 gets() Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c[80];
clrscr();
printf("Input a string:");
gets(c);
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printf("The string is:");
puts(c);
getch();
}

Output:
Input a string:qwerty
The string is:qwerty
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 getch() Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
clrscr();
printf("\nInput a character:");
c = getch();
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printf("\nCharacter is:");
putch(c);
getch();
}
Output:
Input a character : N
Character : N

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 PROGRAM CONTROL STRUCTURES
• Depending upon the sequence of the execution of
statements, the control structures are categorized as
follows:
• Categories:
• Sequential structure
– In which instructions are executed in sequence.
• Selection structure
– In which instruction are executed based on the result
of some condition.
• Iteration structure
– In which instruction are executed repeatedly.

86
 Sequential STRUCTURE
• It allows the program to flow in
sequence
START

Statement 1

Statement 2

Statement N

STOP
87
 SELECTION STRUCTURE
• It allows the program to make a choice
from alternative paths.
• C provide the following selection
structures
– if statement
– if … else statement
– Nested if … else statement

88
if Statement
Syntax
if (condition is true)
{ True If
condition
Statements;
Statements False

89
if…else Statement
Syntax
if (condition)
{ If
True False
True statements; Condition
}
else True False
{ statements statements
False statements;
}

90
 Nested if…else
TRUE Condition FALSE
1

TRUE Condition FALSE

Statements 2

TRUE Condition FALSE

Statements 3

Statements Statements

91
Syntax Nested if…else
IF (condition1)
{
statements;
}
else if (condition2)
{
statements;
}
else if (condition3)
{
statements;
}
else
{
statements; 92
}
Iteration structure
• It is used to execute some instructions
several time based on some condition.
– while
– do…while
– for

93
while Loop
Syntax
.

while (condition)
{ False
condition
.
Body of the loop;
True
.
} Body of The loop

94
do…while Loop
Syntax
do
{
Body of The loop

Body of the loop

True
condition
}while (condition);
False

95
 for loop
Syntax
for (initialization; test condition; Increment/Decrement)
{

Body of the loop

96
for loop

Initialization

Inc / Decrement

Body of the loop

condition False

97
 Nested for loop
Syntax
for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec)
{

for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec)

{

Body of the loop

}
98
 DECISION MAKING & BRANCHING
• if statement
• if else statement
• Nested if else statement Selection statements

• switch statement
• Conditional statement

• goto statement
Unconditional
• break statement statements
• continue statement

99
 if statement (Simple if)
Syntax
if (condition is true)
{

Statements;

100
 if statement (Simple if)
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{ OUTPUT
int a;
clrscr( ); Enter the number: 12
printf("\nEnter a number:"); a is greater than 10
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a>10)
{
printf(" \n a is greater than 10");
}
getch( );
}
101
 if else statement
Syntax
if (condition is true)
{

Statements;

}
else
{

Statements;

} 102
 if else statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( ) OUTPUT
{
int a; Enter the number: 12
clrscr( ); a is greater than 10
printf("\nEnter a number:");
scanf("%d",&a); Enter the number: 1
if(a>10) a is not greater than10
{
printf(" \n a is greater than 10");
}
else
{
printf(" \n a is not greater than 10");
}
getch( );
} 103
 Nested if else statement
Syntax
if (condition is true) else
{ {
Statements; Statements;
} }
else if (condition is true)
{
Statements;
}
else if (condition is true)
{
Statements;
} 104
 Nested if else statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int m1,m2,m3;
float avg;
printf("\nEnter the marks:");
scanf("%d%d%d",&m1,&m2,&m3);
avg=(m1+m2+m3)/3;
printf("\n The average is:%f",avg);
printf("\n The Grade is:");
if(avg>=60)
{
printf("First class");
} 105
 else if(avg>=50)
{ OUTPUT
printf("Second class");
} Enter the marks:65
else if(avg>=35) 75
{ 70
printf("Third class"); The average is:70.00
} The Grade is: First
else class
{
printf("Fail");
}
getch();
}

106
 switch statement
Syntax
switch (expression)
{ Switch
case constant 1:
block1; Case 1
break;
case constant 2:
block2;
Case 2
break;
.
. Default
default : case
default block;
break;
}
107
 switch statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,n;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the value of a,b:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("\nMENU");
printf("\n1.ADD\n2.SUB\n3.MULTIPLY\n4.EXIT");
printf("\nEnter the choice:");
scanf("%d",&n);

108
switch(n)
{
case 1:
c=a+b;
printf("\nThe result of Addition is:%d",c);
break;

case 2:
c=a-b;
printf("\nThe result of Subtraction is:%d",c);
break;

109
 case 3:
c=a*b;
printf("\nThe result of Multiplication is:%d",c);
break;
case 4: OUTPUT
exit(0);
break; Enter the value of a,b:
5
default:
6
printf(“Wrong Choice”); MENU
} 1.ADD
getch(); 2.SUB
} 3.MULTIPLY
4.EXIT
Enter the choice:1
The result of Addition is:11

110
 goto statement
• When a goto statement is encountered, the control
is transferred to the label.

goto label;
…………
…………
…………
label:
…………

111
 goto statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter a number to find odd or even no : “);
scanf(“%d”,&x);
if(x%2==0)
goto even;
else
goto odd;

112
 goto statement
even:
printf(“%d is an even no”,x);
odd:
printf(“%d is an odd no”,x);
getch( );
}
OUTPUT

Enter a number to find odd or even no :5

5 is an odd no

113
 continue statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> Continue statement terminates the
void main() current loop iteration & persist the loop with
{ next iteration
int a;
clrscr(); OUTPUT
for(a=1;a<=10;a++)
{ 1
if((a==5)||(a==7)) 2
continue; 3
else 4
6
printf(“%d\n”,a);
8
}
9
getch( ); 10
}

114
 break statement

When break statement is encountered inside any

block or loop, control automatically passes to the first
statement after the block or loop

115
 Branching and Looping
• Loop:
– A loop is defined as a block of statements
which are repeatedly executed for certain
no of times.

• Types of Loops in C
– while loop
– do while loop
– for loop(simple & nested)

116
 while loop
• It is an entry controlled loop works only when the condition is
true

• Syntax:

while (condition)
{
.
Body of the loop;
.
}

117
 while loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to print even no
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i;
printf(“Enter the limit : “);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
i=1; OUTPUT
while (i<=n)
{ Enter the limit : 10
if(i%2==0) 2 4 6 8 10
{
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
i++;
}
}
Noornilo Nafees 118
 while loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to calculate factorial of given no
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1,fact=1,n;
printf("\nEnter the Number:"); OUTPUT
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n) Enter the Number:3
{ The value of 3! is: 6
fact =fact *i;
i++;
}
printf("\n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact);
getch();
}

119
 while loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to reverse a number and to check
#include<conio.h>// whether it is palindrome or not
void main() if(n==rev)
{ {
int n,rev=0; printf(“Palindrome”);
clrscr(); }
printf(“Enter a number to reverse : “); else
scanf(“%d”,&n); {
while(n!=0) printf(“Not Palindrome”);
{ }
rev=rev*10; getch():
rev=rev+(n%10); }
n=n/10; OUTPUT
} Enter a number to
printf(“Reverse of given no is : %d\n”,rev); reverse : 452
Reverse of given
number is : 254
Not Palindrome 120
 while loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to find sum of digits
#include<conio.h>
void main() OUTPUT
{
int r=0,sum=0,n; Enter the no:156
printf("\nEnter the no:"); sum of the digits is:12
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+r;
n=n/10;
}
printf("sum of the digits is:%d",sum);
getch():
} 121
#include<stdio.h> //program to find armstrong number
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int r=0,sum=0,n,a; OUTPUT
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&n); Enter the number:153
a=n; It is an armstrong number
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+r*r*r;
n=n/10;
}
if(a==sum)
printf("\nIt is an armstrong number");
else
printf("\nIt is not an armstrong number");
getch();
} 122
 do while loop
• It is an exit controlled loop. It proceeds its first iteration without
checking the loop condition and proceeds next iteration by
checking the condition.

• Syntax:
do
{
.
Body of the loop;
.
}while (condition);

123
 do while loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to calculate factorial of given no
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1,fact=1,n;
printf("\nEnter the Number:"); OUTPUT
scanf("%d",&n);
do Enter the Number:3
{ The value of 3! is: 6
fact =fact *i;
i++;
}while (i<=n);
printf("\n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact);
getch();
}

124
 for loop

Syntax:

for (initialization; test condition; Increment/Decrement)

{

Body of the loop

125
 for loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to generate number from 1 to n
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n;
printf("\nEnter the limit : "); OUTPUT
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) Enter the limit : 5
{
printf(“%d\n”,i); 1
} 2
getch(); 3
} 4
5

126
 for loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to calculate factorial of given no
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,fact=1,n;
printf("\nEnter the Number:"); OUTPUT
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) Enter the Number:3
{
fact =fact *i; The value of 3! is: 6
}
printf("\n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact);
getch();
}

127
 Fibonacci Series

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n, t1 = 0, t2 = 1, nextTerm;
printf("Enter the number of terms: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Fibonacci Series: ");
OUTPUT
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
Enter the number of terms:5
printf("%d ", t1);
Fibonacci series:0 1 1 2 3
nextTerm = t1 + t2;
t1 = t2;
t2 = nextTerm;
}
getch();
} 128
 for loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to generate given multiplication table
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,tab,n,res;
printf("\nEnter the multiplication table:");
scanf("%d",&tab);
printf("\nEnter the limit of multiplication table:");
scanf("%d",&n); OUTPUT
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
res=i*tab; Enter the multiplication table : 2
printf("%d * %d : %d\n”,i,tab,res); Enter the limit of multiplication
} table :4
getch(); 1*2:2
} 2*2:4
3*2:6
4*2:8
129
 for loop
#include<stdio.h>//program to calculate student marks & average using for loop
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,s1,s2,s3,s4,s5,tot;
float avg;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter no of students : ”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Enter marks of five subjects : \n”)
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf(“Enter student %d marks\n”,i);
scanf(“%d%d%d%d%d”,&s1,&s2,&s3,&s4,&s5);
tot=s1+s2+s3+s4+s5;
avg=tot/5;
printf(“Total : %d\nAverage : %f”,tot,avg);
}
getch();
130
}
 for loop
• Definition of prime number:
– A natural number greater than one has not any other divisors except
1 and itself. In other word we can say which has only two divisors 1
and number itself.
– For example: 5. Their divisors are 1 and 5.

131
 for loop
#include<stdio.h>//program to check whether the given no is prime or not
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, i, c = 0;
printf("Enter a number :");
OUTPUT
scanf("%d", &n);
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) Enter a number : 7
{ Given no is a Prime number
if (n % i == 0)
{
c++;
}
}
if (c == 2)
printf(“Given no is a Prime number");
else
printf(“Given no is not a Prime number");
getch(); 132
}
 Nested for loop

Syntax
for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec)
{
for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec)
{
Body of the loop
}
}

133
 Nested for loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to generate numbers in triangle
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
OUTPUT
int i,j,n;
printf("\nEnter the limit : "); Enter the limit : 5
scanf("%d",&n); 1
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) 22
{ 333
for(j=1;j<=i;j++) 4444
{
55555
printf(“%d”,i);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}

134
 Nested for loop
#include<stdio.h> //program to generate stars(*) in triangle
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
OUTPUT
int i,j,n;
printf("\nEnter the limit : "); Enter the limit : 5
scanf("%d",&n); *
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) **
{ ***
for(j=1;j<=i;j++) ****
{
*****
printf(“*”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}

135
 Swapping without using third
variable
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a,b;
clrscr( );
printf(" \nEnter the value of a:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf(" \nEnter the value of b:");
scanf("%d",&b);

136
a=a+b;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf(" \nThe value of a is:%d",a);
printf(" \nThe value of b is:%d",b);
getch( );
}

Output:
Enter the value of a:5
Enter the value of b:6

The value of a is:6

The value of b is:5
137
 Quadratic Equation
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c,d,r1,r2;
clrscr( );
printf(" \nEnter the value of a:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf(" \nEnter the value of b:");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf(" \nEnter the value of c:");
scanf("%d",&c);
d=b*b-4*a*c;
138
if(d>=0)
{
r1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);

printf(" \nThe roots are %d,%d",r1,r2);

}
else
{
printf(" \nThe roots are imaginary");
}
getch( );
}

139
 Output
Enter the value of a:4

Enter the value of b:5

Enter the value of c:6

The roots are imaginary

140