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volcanism

earthquake

Tsunami
Geomorpho
complete sequence of processes of
creation and movement of magma + Volcanism
creation of volcanic landforms
Volcanism is not random
Reason associated with volcanism
is also not random
Distribution of Volcanism
 1st
 Pacific Ring of Fire
 O-O convergence
 O-C convergence
Plate movements

O-O : Volcanic arc O-C :Volcanic mountains


Mid Oceanic Ridge
2nd
 O-O divergence
 Basaltic – peaceful eruption
Mediterranean volcanism
3th
 Breaking up of Mediterranean
plates into multiple blocks
 Andesitic eruption
 Frequent interaction
 Mt. Etna, Mt. Vesuvius
History of Mediterranean sea
 Mediterranean sea is residual
part of Tethys sea
 Tethys sea was located between –
Laurasia and Gondwana
 Collision of Africa to Laurasia –
breaking up of plates of
Mediterranean sea
Hot Spot Volcanoes
 4th
 Magma From deep interior
-Basaltic
 Fixed place - Plate
movement – Island arc
 Direction of plate
 Hawaii, Reunion, Kurile,
Aleutian
Aleutian Islands
comparison
 Occur at mid-oceanic ridge and hot  Volcanic arcs, volcanic mountains
spot volcanism  Andesite – less fluid – less mobile
 Basalt highly fluid – mobile  Solidifies at short distance- intense
 Spread across easily pressure develop inside –explosive
 Quite eruption

Basaltic eruption Andesitic eruption


comparison

Basaltic eruption Andesitic eruption


Volcanic Landforms
Volcanic
plateau
Extrusive
Volcanic
Landforms cones

Intrusive Dykes etc.


Intrusive Landforms
Intrusive Volcanic Landforms

Intrusive Landforms
 Intrusion of Magma in sedimentary rocks
 Sills (Horizontal)
 Dyke (Vertical)
 Laccolith – magma which could not come out
 Lopolith – saucer-shaped
 Phacolith – shape like waves
 Batholith – intrusive granitic rock
Extrusive volcanic Landforms
Volcanic Shield
Plateau volcano
Extrusive
Volcanic
Cinder vol.
cones
Composite
vol.
Lava plateaus
 Hot spot volcano on
continental crust
 Cracks on continental crust –
Basaltic eruption
 Spread across the land
 Layer over layer
 EX. Deccan lava trapps
Indian Deccan trap
 Indian plate passed over a hot
spot near Reunion Island
 Basaltic eruption
 Layer over layers – looks like
steps => Deccan lava traps
 Soil – black soil ‘regur’
Spatial distribution of Lava Plateau
List of lava plateaus of the world
 Columbia-snake plateau, USA Deccan plateau, India
 Ozark plateau, USA  Arabian plateau
 Parana-Patagonia, S. America  Balkan plateau, Europe
 Adamawa plateau, Africa  Siberian plateau, Russia
 Bie plateau, Africa  Yunan Plateau, China
 Katanga Plateau, Africa  Shan plateau, Myanmar
 Kimberly plateau, Australia
Extrusive volcanic Landforms
Volcanic Shield
Plateau volcano
Extrusive
Volcanic
Cinder vol.
cones
Composite
vol.
Shield / Dome volcano
 Volcanic Islands (Hot
spot)
 Highly fluid lava
(basaltic) build dome
 Gentle slope
 Quite volcano
 Volcanoes of Hawaii
Cinder cones
 O-C collision – volcanic
mountains
 Less fluid lava
(Andesitic) explode
violently
 Viscous lava solidifies at
short distance
 Mt. Paricutin, Mexico
Composite Cones
Volcanic mountains
Each new eruption – new layers
of ash or lava

Mt. Stromboli, Mt. Vesuvius,


Mt. Fuji
Types of Volcanic cones
Shield/ dome Cinder Composite

Highly fluid Less fluid / Fluid + viscous


highly viscous
Silent flow Violent eruption Multiple and
violent eruption
Gentle slope Steep slope Highest
volcanoes
Small volcanoes Small volcanoes Large volcanoes
Geysers
 Geysers =fountains of Hot
water
 Ground water heated by
shallow source of magma
 Old faithful geyser, Yellow
stone park, USA
Hot Spring
 Hot Spring:
 Water reach deep enough –
heated by interior
 Locate any part of the world
Difference between geyser and Hotspring
 Geyser – G/w heated by shallow
magma source
 Hot spring – g/w heated by either
magma source or heated rocks
 Geyser – chamber in interior –
pressure – comes out like fountain
 Hot –spring - quite
comparison
 Geysers are rare  Found anywhere
 Hot water dissolved with silica  They gets different colors from heat-
accumulated on surface – gives loving bacteria, like cyanobacteria
different colours  Medicinal values
 USA, - Yellowstone park  Can be helpful in harness geo-thermal
energy

geyser Hot spring


Geo-thermal energy
 Heated water is taken out
– used for moving turbine
– generation of electricity
 Cooled water flown back
into interior
Limitations of geo-thermal energy
 Difficult to locate a good source of geothermal reservoir
with current technology
 Difficult to dig a deep well with hard and hot bedrock
 Harmful gases can escape from the earth interior while
exploration – GHG gases and dissolved toxic elements
volcanism

earthquake

Tsunami
Geomorpho
Sudden movement or vibration in
earth’s crust. Earthquake

Release of the energy due to intense


pressure + active internal dynamism
of the earth
Types of Earthquake
1) Shallow focus EQ
2) Intermediate focus EQ
3) Deep focus EQ

Shallow focus – destructive


Earthquakes in Japan

At Junction of 3 plates Subduction of Pacific plate


Reasons behind EQ
1st
Collision of Plate
boundaries
O-O collision
O-C collision
C-C collision
Reasons behind EQ
2nd
Divergent Plate
boundaries

O-O divergence MOR


Reasons behind EQ
 3th
 Transverse plate boundaries
 Friction developed between two
plates
Reasons behind EQ
4th
Mediterranean sea region
Numerous small plates
Frequent interactions
Reasons behind EQ
5th 6th
Craton = stable part of crust Human Induced
Re-emergence of old fractures 1) RIS
2) mining
3) Nuclear testing
Catastrophic events on earth
Their reasons and distributions
Volcanism
EQ
Oceanography
volcanism

earthquake

Tsunami
Geomorpho
Submarine EQ
Sudden disturbances of underlying Tsunami
plates transmit the shock waves to
surface waves
comparison
Speed – 100 kmph  Speed – 700 kmph
Cover shorter distances  Cover longer distances
Wavelength ~100 km  Wavelength – > 150 km

Normal waves Tsunami waves


wavelength
 Distance between two crests of
troughs = wavelength

 Waves of Tsunami are wider


than normal waves of the
ocean water
Phase 1
 EQ on ocean crust – uplift the
water upward
 Tsunami wave generated
 Sea water recede at the shore
 Vessels in the mid-sea cannot
recongnise the tsunami waves
Phase 2
 At coast – depth decrease –
wavelength decreases – wave
height increases
 A huge wall of water – 10-12 floor
high created
 Enormous energy released at the
shore
Phase 3
 Hit the coast
 Tsunami- not a single wave but
multiple waves
 4th and 8th waves are the most
dangerous
 Time lapse between each waves –
15 to 50 minutes
Phases of tsunami
Indian preparedness against Tsunami
 Tsunami Early warning system- gives warning in 10 minutes
of submarine earthquake
 Indian National centre for Ocean Information Sciences
(INCOIS),Hyderabad
 To capture Tsunami wave amplitude on 24x7 basis
 real time sea-level sensors with bottom pressure recorders
 HF radars for coastal currents
 Coastal tide gauge stations
Geomorphology
Interior of the earth
Continental drift – sea floor spreading-
plate tectonic theories
Mountains –plateaus –plains
Catastrophic events – Volcanism, EQ
and Tsunami

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