November 1st, 2017 Heather Hunt and Farrah

Lambert
4th Period

Paper Pet Project

Honors Biology
Birth Certificate:
Table 1: Gender Data

Generation Males Females

P 94 94
F1 22 25

Total Population Size = 235

 Table 2: Population Gene Pool Data

Males Females
Trait Pgen F1 Pgen F1
Carrier for 0 0 18 15
blindness
Blind 12 14 0 2
Triangle nose (nn) 53 8 48 7
Individual with Individual with
Other “Novel” nondisjunction nondisjunction
Chromosome 2 of All
Mutation(s) = Purple chrmosomes
Questions & Discussion
Use your experience from the project and the previous data
tables to answer and discuss the questions listed on the next
several slides.
Law of Probability

 Probabilityis a statistical
measure used to express
the chances and risks in
real life happenings.
 Something that
demonstrated probability
in the pet projects was the
amount of certain traits,
such as eye color or nose
shape.
Pet Karyotyping

A karyotype is the number

and appearance of
chromosomes in the
nucleus of a eukaryotic
cell.
 When the pet was
created, it showed
karyotypes and when we
analyzed the data, it was
also an example.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Crossing Over

 the exchange of genetic

material between
homologous
chromosomes that results
in different chromosomes
during sexual reproduction
 Crossingover was shown
when the two parents’
chromosomes crossed
over to create the child’s
chromosomes.
Meiosis

 celldivision that results in

four daughter cells each
with half the number of
chromosomes of the
parent cell
 Meiosis was demonstrated
when the pet was created
by its parents
Independent Assortment

 formation of random
combinations of
chromosomes in meiosis
and of genes on different
pairs of homologous
chromosomes
 Independent assortment
was shown in the project
when the pet was created
and its traits were found This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Refer to Tables 1 & 2 for the following
information.

 Using the WHOLE pet  Males: 26%

population, what is the
frequency of the allele  Females 2%
which causes blindness?
 What type of inheritance  Carrier
pattern is exhibited by the
allele which causes
blindness in your pets?
Refer to Tables 1 and 2 for the following
information.

 Usingthe WHOLE pet  Males: 52% - homozygous recessive

population, calculate the  48% - homozygous dominant
following for nose shape:
 Females 46% - homozygous
 Allelic frequencies recessive
 Genotypic frequencies
 Phenotypic frequencies  54% - homozygous dominant

 Males: .48

 Females: .54

 Males: 73% Triangular noses

 Females: 79% have triangular noses

Paper Pet Cladogram
Refer to Tables 1 and 2 for the following
information.

 Using the WHOLE pet  There will be no novel

population, calculate the
frequency at which
spontaneous “novel”
mutations occur.
 As you have learned,
mutations can drive  If
the gene pool equaled
microevolution, therefore the out.
paper pets will continue to
evolve.
 What conditions would be
required for the population
to be in “equilibrium”?
Hardy-Weinberg Extended

The next section

of the project
refers to your
study of the Rock
Pocket Mouse
you have been
conducting in
your math class.
Use the spreadsheet to determine how the selection coefficient (s) influences
the phenotype of future generations. Substitute increasingly large numbers for s.

 When the selective coefficient

increases, “P” will increase and “Q”
will decrease every generation
Explain how the selection coefficient and
natural selection are related.

 The selection coefficient

and natural selection are
related because they
both will change the color
of the mice. The selection
coefficient will change the
color by force and the
natural selection will
happen because of
evolution.
In areas with primarily dark-colored substrate, dark-colored mice have a selective advantage over light-
colored mice. Therefore, mice with one or more copies of the dominant Mc1r D allele have a selective
advantage over mice with two copies of the Mc1r d allele. In the film, Dr. Sean Carroll says that with a 1%
selection advantage, it takes 1,000 years for 95% of the mice to have the dominant phenotype. With a 10%
selection advantage, it would take just 100 years. Use the spreadsheet to verify these facts.

 Find out how many generations following the first appearance of a dark-
colored mutation it would take for 95% of the mice to express the
dominant dark-colored phenotype, given a 1% advantage (s = 0.01).
Rock pocket mice have approximately one litter of pups a year, so the
number of generations will be equal to the number of years. You will not
be able to use the graph on the Main Page tab since it only goes up to
100 generations. So, you will need to look at column D of the worksheet
called Main Worksheet. Scroll down until the value is greater than 0.95.
 It would take about __936__ generations.

 Repeat the process for a 10% advantage (s = 0.1).

 It would take about ______100____ generations.

 What would the selection coefficient need to be for 95% of the mice to
have the dominant phenotype in just 50 years? Record your answer
below.
 The coefficient would need to be about ______________22%_______________________.
Genetics Research
Based on YOUR LAST NAME, you will research a specific genetic disorder.
See the next slide for your specific disorder.
The information required for your research is outlined in the slides that follow.
You will need to cite your sources so keep track of them.
No plagiarism!
Any material that is copy and pasted word for word will not earn credit!

(Based on the first letter of your LAST name, you will research one of the
following genetic disorders)

• A-E Patau Syndrome • M-R Cri du chat Syndrome

• F-L Edward’s Syndrome • S-Z Fragile X Syndrome
Name of Disorder

Type of Genetic Disorder Inheritance

 Edward Sydrome, more  Thedisease isn’t usually

known as trisomy 18, is a inherited. It is really rare to
genetic disorder caused get inherited.
by the presence of all, or
part of a third copy of
chromosome 18
Edward Syndrome

Chromosome/genetics
Loci
graphic
 When the egg or sperm
cell is forming. It may
cause it to have an extra
chromosome #18 or #13
inside. If this egg or sperm
cell contributes the extra
chromosome 18, then
trisomy 18 will happen.
Edwards Syndrome

Symptoms of Disorder Effects of Disorder

 abnormally small head
 fetal demise
 absence of one or both testes,
 birth defect with intestinal  early postnatal death.
organs outside of body
 Live up to 3-2 weeks
 failure to thrive
 low birth weight
 short stature
 underdeveloped jaw
Edwards syndrome

Diagnosis of Disorder Prognosis of Disorder

 pregnancy screening  the

life expectancy is 3
including serum markers days to 2 weeks
with ultrasound can
diagnose more than three
quarters of all cases
 Ultra sound
 Chorionic villi sampling
Edwards syndrome

Insert an image related to the disorder (ex: karyotype, patient

(be appropriate), infographic, etc.
Citations for Genetics Research

 Include an list of all sources used in this project here.