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DEFINITION
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
IMMUNIZATION
REPRESENTS ONE OF THE COST
EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PREVENTING
SERIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASE
WIDESPREAD USE OF VACCINES LED TO
THE GLOBAL ERADICATION OF
SMALLPOX IN 1977
FATAL AND PREVENTABLE INFECTIONS
STILL OCCUR IN THE DEVELOPING
WORLD
IMMUNIZATION
WHO HAVE RECOMMENDED
IMMUNIZATION TARGETS THAT REP THE
PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION TO
BE IMMUNIZED TO ACHIEVE
ERADICATION OF INFECTION AS A
RESULT OF HERD IMMUNITY
THIS PROPORTION VARIESACCORDING
TO THE INFECTION INVOLVED.
DEFINITION
AN EFFORT TO PREVENT
OR MODIFY NATURAL
INFECTION BY
ADMINISTRATION OF AN
ANTIGEN OR ANTIBODY
CONTD
IMMUNIZATION DESCRIBES THE
PROCESS OF INDUCING IMMUNITY
ARTIFICIALLY BY ADNINISTERING
ANTIGENIC SUBSTANCES
IMMUNITY TO INFECTION CAN BE
ACHIEVED ARTIFICIALLY IN TWO WAYS
1. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
2. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
ENTRY OF ANTIGEN ALL OR PART
OF A MICROORGANISM OR
MODIFIED PRODUCT OF AN
ORGANISM WHICH STIMULATES
FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES BY THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM.IT PRESENTS
LITTLE OR NO RISK TO RECIPIENT.IT
CAN BE NATURAL OR ACQUIRED
CONTD
NATURAL===BY ACQURING INFECTION
EITHER SUBCLINICALLY OR CLINICALLY
LIFELONG PROTECTION IN MEASLES,
RUBELLA,VARICELLA AND MUMPS
A SECOND ATTACK POSSIBLE WHEN
MORE THAN ONE IMMUNOLOGIC STRAIN
OF ORG EXISTS E .G POLIO
CONTD
ACQUIRED===BY USE OF VACCINES
WHICH MAY BE VIRAL BACTERIAL OR
TOXOID
VACCINES MAY BE
LIVE ATTENUATED
KILLED
MODIFIED TOXIN
EXTRACT OR PROD OF RECOMBIMATION
VACCINE CONSTITUENT
ACTIVE IMMUNIZING AGENTS
CONJUGATING AGENTS
SUSPENDING FLUID
PRESERVATIVES,STABILIZERS AND
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
ADJUVANTS
ALLERGIC RXN MAY OCCUR IF
RECIPIENT IS SENSITIVE TO ONE OR
MORE OF THESE ADDITIVES
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
NATURAL===PASSAGE OF MATERNAL
ANTIBODIES TO FETUS THROUGH
PLACENTA IN THE LAST TRIMESTER.
ARTIFICIAL===BY ADMINISTRATION OF
IMMUNOGLOBULINS(PREFORMED) FROM
HUMAN OR ANIMAL SERA
PASSIVE ACTIVE IMMUNITY INVOLVES
GIVING BOTH IMMUNE GLOBULINS AND A
VACCINE TO GIVE IMMEDIATE AND LONG
TERM PROTECTION
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO
VACCINES
MOST OF STRUTURAL
CONSTITUENTS OF ORG ARE
ANTIGENIC
INTERACTS WITH B AND T CELLS TO
GENERATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
SOME INITIATE B CELL
PROLIFERATION AND ANTIBODY
4MATION WITOUT T CELLS
CONTD
ACTIVATION OF HELPER T CELLS BY
PRESENTATION OF ANTIGEN TO
PHAGOCYTES TRIGGERS A CASCADE OF
MEDIATORS TO STIMULATE MATURATION
OF THE NAÏVE IMMUNE SYS
ANTIBODIES FUNTION ALONE OR IN
CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER
COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYS BY
PARTICIPATING IN
NEUTRALIZATION OF A TOXIN
BY OPSONIZATION
CONTD
BY INITIATINGAND PROMOTING
PHAGOCYTOSIS
SENSITIZING OTHER LYMPHOCYTES
AND MACROPHAGES TO STIMULATE
PHAGOCYTOSIS
RESPONSE
PRIMARY ===REQUIRES A LATENT
PERIOD B4HUMORAL AND CELL
MEDIATED IMMUNITY CAN BE DETECTED
EARLY ANTIBODIES ARE USUALLY IgM
LATER ANTIBODIES ARE IgG TITRE
USUALLY RISES IN THE 2ND WK AFTER
IMMUNOGENIC STIMULATION
LIVE PATHOGEN REPLICATE AT MUCOSAL
SURFACES B4 INVASION AND INDUCE
SECRETORY IgA
CONTD
SECOND EXPOSURE TO SAME ANTIGEN
CAUSES A HUMORAL OR CELL MEDIATED
RESPONSE THAT OCCUR RAPIDLY
DEPENDS ON MEMORY CELLS
XTERIZED BY MARKED PROLIFERATION
ANTIBODY PRODUCING CELLS
POLYSACHARIDE VACCINE EVOKE
RESPONSE INDEPENDENT OF T CELLS
AND ARE NOT SEEN ON REPEAT
ADMINISTRATION
CONTD
LINKING TO PROTEIN CONVERTS IT
TO T CELL DEPENDENT ANTIGEN
THAT INDUCE SECONDARY
RESPONSE
STIMULATION OF IMMUNE SYS BY
VACCINATION MAY RESULT IN
UNANTICIPATED RESPONSES
CONTD
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