Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LINES
By engr. joel t. mendoza
CATEGORIES OF TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
• GUIDED
• UNGUIDED
TYPES OF GUIDED TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
• METALLIC TRANSMISSION LINES
• NON-METALLIC TRANSMISSION LINES
METALLIC TRANSMISSION LINES
A transmission line is a conducting device used to transfer
energy in the form of electromagnetic waves from a source
(generator) to a load. In television and radio systems, for
example, transmission lines are used to connect transmitters
to antennas, or antennas to receivers,
Transmission lines are also used in telephone and data
transmission systems to carry signals over long
distances
Transmission lines are used in microwave systems to carry
electromagnetic energy. They are also used in optical cable
television networks. Optical fiber systems are used to carry light
signals, while coaxial transmission lines are used as feed cables.
Transients and Steady-State Conditions
on a Transmission Line
Transmission lines can carry different types of signals. For example,
they are commonly used for transmitting power signals (at low
frequencies) and communication signals (at high frequencies).
• 3 x 108 m/s
• 186,000 mi/s
Frequency
• The number of vibrations, or cycles, of a wave train in a
unit of time.
• Unit is cps or Hz
Wavelength(λ)
A WAVELENGTH is the distance in space
occupied by one cycle of a radio wave at
any given instant.
λ = c/f
TYPES OF METALLIC
TRANSMISSION LINES
• BALANCED TRANSMISSION LINE
• UNBALANCED TRANSMISSION LINE
BALANCED
Differential or balanced
transmission line
Earth ground
Metallic currents due to signal
voltages
Longitudinal currents due to
noise voltages
UNBALANCED
Single or Unbalanced
transmission line
Circuit 1 signal wire
Amplifier 1 Amplifier 2
Signal 1 voltage
Signal 2 voltage
BALUN
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
• Electrical Properties
• Conductivity of the wire
• and the insulating material used (dielectric constant)
4 Primary constants/ Distributed
parameters
• R corresponds to the series resistance in ohms, Ω, per unit
length.
• L corresponds to the series inductance in henrys, H, (i.e.
ohms-second, Ω-s), per unit length.
• C corresponds to the capacitance in farads, F, (i.e.
seconds/ohm, s/Ω), per unit length.
• RP corresponds to the parallel (shunt) resistance in ohms, Ω,
per unit length. (Rp is the reciprocal of the distributed
conductance, G).
Inductance of a Transmission Line
• When current flows through a wire, magnetic lines of
force are set up around the wire. As the current
increases and decreases in amplitude, the field around
the wire expands and collapses accordingly. The energy
produced by the magnetic lines of force collapsing back
into the wire tends to keep the current flowing in the
same direction. This represents a certain amount of
inductance, which is expressed in microhenrys per unit
length.
Capacitance of a Transmission Line
• Capacitance also exists between the transmission line
wires. Notice that the two parallel wires act as plates of a
capacitor and that the air between them acts as a
dielectric. The capacitance between the wires is usually
expressed in picofarads per unit length. This electric field
between the wires is similar to the field that exists
between the two plates of a capacitor.
Resistance of a Transmission Line
• The transmission line shown has electrical resistance along its
length. This resistance is usually expressed in ohms per unit
length and is shown as existing continuously from one end of
the line to the other.
Leakage Current
If ZL = Zo
I = Is e –γL
E = Es e –γL