Introduction to Geotechnical

Structural Design
(PILE DESIGN)
According to American Standards

Utaya Kumar Veelmurugan

Civil Engineering Technology Department
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction

2. Contents of code

3. Loads and combinations

4. Design concepts

5. Spread sheets

6. Conclusion
1. INTRODUCTION
Main code
1. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-11 : An American Concrete Institute Standard)
Main organizations Institute name : American Concrete Institute
Standard

2. Design and Construction of Drilled Piers

(ACI 339.3R-93 : An American Concrete Institute Standard)

3. Design, Manufacture, and Installation of Concrete Piles

(ACI 543R-12)

Extra reference
1. Minimum design loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and
other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-16)

ASCE standard (Joint publication of American Society of civil Engineers

& Structural Engineering Institute)
2. CONTENTS OF CODE
 ACI 318: Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete
Section 1: General Section 19: Code Requirements for Thin
Section 2: Notation and Terminology Shells and Commentary
Section 3: Referenced Standards Section 20: Steel Reinforcement Properties,
Section 4: Structural System Requirements Durability and Embedments
Section 5: Loads Section 21: Strength Reduction Factors
Section 6: Structural Analysis Section 22: Sectional Strength
Section 7: One-way Slabs Section 23: Strut-and-Tie Models
Section 8: Two-way Slabs Section 24: Serviceability Requirements
Section 9: Beams Section 25: Reinforcement Details
Section 10: Columns Section 26: Construction Documents and
Section 11: Walls Inspection
Section 12: Diaphragms Section 27: Strength Evaluation of Existing
Section 13: Foundation Structures
Section 14: Plain Concrete
Section 15: Beam-Column and Slab-
Column Joints
Section 16: Connections between
Members
Section 17: Anchoring to Concrete
Section 18: Earthquake-Resistance
Structures
ACI 336.3: Design and
Construction of Drilled
Piers
Chapter 1: General
Chapter 2: General considerations
Chapter 3: Design
Chapter 4: Construction methods
Chapter 5: Inspection and Testing
Chapter 6: References
ACI 543: Design, Manufacture,
and Installation of Concrete Piles
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Design
Chapter 3: Material
Chapter 4: Manufacture of Precast concrete piles
Chapter 5: Installation of driven piles
Chapter 6: References
3. LOADS AND COMBINATIONS
From code ACI : 336.3R-93
From code ACI : 336.3R-93
1. The force interacting between the soil and the pile are
determined from the following combinations of loading:

FS1, FS2 and FS varies from 1.5 to 5 based on Engineer judgement

From code ACI : 336.3R-93
1. The force interacting between the soil and the pile are
determined from the following combinations of loading:

FS1, FS2 and FS varies from 1.5 to 5 based on Engineer judgement

From code ACI : 336.3R-93

Load Factor for Strength Design

Dead Load, D
Uplift, Pup
1.4
Other Load causing by liquid pressure on the structure
(otherwise use a load factor of 1.7)
Live Load, L
Wind Load, W
1.7
Earthquake Force of Magnitude (1.1 Eq)
Other loading cause by lateral earth pressure on the structure
Dead Load Structural effect of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage and temperature
should be included with the dead load.

 Strength reduction factor are given in Section 9.3 of ACI 318

4. DESIGN CONCEPTS
Design of Load
Vertical Load Capacity
• Capacity from Soil or Rock
‒ The total ultimate compressive and tensile capacities may be a
combination of end bearing and side friction.
‒ The maximum theoretical ultimate capacity is expressed in the following
equation:
Design of Load
• API METHOD
‒ The shaft shear for pile in sands can be estimated using:

fs (z) = ’v (z) K tan ()

where;
’v (z) - free-field effective overburden pressure at depth z
K - earth pressure coefficient
d - interface friction angle between pile and soil
(Table 36. API 1993)

‒ Ultimate end-bearing or tip resistance for piles:

qb = ’v (z = L) Nq

where;
’v (z = L) - free-field effective overburden pressure at pile tip (z = L)
Nq - bearing capacity factor
(Table 37. API 1993)
Design of Load

• Factor of Safety
‒ The designer should consider strain compatibility and deflection in
determining the factor of safety.
‒ Factors of safety may vary from 1.5 to 5 for side friction or end bearing,
depending on the subsurface conditions, structural loads, and degree of
confidence in the subsurface parameters.
Design of Load
Laterally Loaded Pile
• The piers will then be loaded with lateral forces at the top, axial forces from
overturning and, usually, moments at the top.
‒ The total ultimate compressive and tensile capacities may be a
combination of end bearing and side friction.
‒ The maximum theoretical ultimate capacity is expressed in the following
equation:

Model of a pier under lateral

loading showing
concept of bilineal soil response
curves
Pile Design
Ultimate capacity (Broms Method)
• The ultimate lateral load capacity of a pier defines a loading condition in
which a pier can fail with the development of a plastic hinge (long pier) or by
unlimited deflection (short pier).
‒ Pile in cohesive soil, the maximum bending moment is determined using
the following relationships (Broms 1964a):

where;
B - Foundation width
PULT - Ultimate Lateral Load
Su - Undrained Shear Strength
e - Height above ground of Horizontal Load
Pile Design
Ultimate capacity (Broms Method)
• The ultimate lateral load capacity of a pier defines a loading condition in
which a pier can fail with the development of a plastic hinge (long pier) or by
unlimited deflection (short pier).
‒ Pile in cohesionless soil, the maximum bending moment is determined
using the following relationships (Broms 1964a):

where;
B - Foundation width
PULT - Ultimate Lateral Load
e - Height above ground of Horizontal Load
Kp - Passive pressure coefficient
Pile Design

Ultimate lateral resistance of cohesive soils [after Broms (1964)]

Pile Design

Ultimate lateral resistance of cohesionless soils [after Broms (1964)]

Pile Design
Ultimate lateral resistance of cohesionless soils [after Broms (1964)]
Example:
dp = 15m
d = 1.5m
FREE HEADED
Kp = 3
APPLIED LATERAL LOAD,

g = 18 kN/m3

dp / d = 15 / 1.5 = 10
PULT / KP d3 g’

RESTRAINED PULT / Kp d3 g’ = 155

PULT = 155 * (Kp d3 g’)

= 155 * 3 *1.5 3 *(18-10)
= 16 740 kN

LENGTH, dp / d
5. Spread sheets
Following spread sheets are prepared using ACI code
currently.

1. ACI 336.3 – Pile Design

6. CONCLUSION
Comparison between 2 design Code and approach

CODE & DESIGN APPROACH AIJ API

Pile Length (m) 18.5 18.5
Ultimate Total Capacity (kN) 20425 19246
Allowable Bearing Capacity (kN) 6808 6415

1. Capacity different between 2 codes is 6.1% which is

less than 10%.

2. Both design is adoptable for the design.

1. Difficult to find reference design example

2. Engineer judgement required to choose the FOS

THANK YOU