Md.

Mukul Uddin
Id. No.- 111021471
Programme- BBA
Batch- 21st
VUB RES 431
 Scientific Research Method:

 The scientific method is the means by

which researchers are able to make
conclusive statements about their studies
with a minimum of bias.

 For example the result of a new drug

study, can be laden with bias.
 A standard method of testing a
hypothesis is expected to be used by all
members of the scientific community.

 The scientific method is empirical.

 Scientific experiments are replicable.

That is, if another person duplicates the
experiment, he or she will get the same
results.

 The scientific method is objective.

 Results obtained through the scientific
method are provisional; they are (or
ought to be) open to question and
debate.

 the scientific method is systematic; that

is, it relies on carefully planned studies
rather than on random or haphazard
observation.
 Survey Research Method:

 Survey research is one of the most

important areas of measurement in
applied social research.

 A "survey" can be anything form a short

paper-and-pencil feedback form to an
intensive one-on-one in-depth interview.

 Survey research is often used to assess

thoughts, opinions, and feelings
 the purpose of survey is to produce
quantitative descriptions of some
aspects of the study population.

 the main way of collecting information is

by asking people structured and
predefined questions.
 Descriptive Research Method:

 Descriptive research, also known as

statistical research, describes data and
characteristics about the population or
phenomenon being studied.

 Descriptive research cannot be used to

create a causal relationship, where one
variable affects another.

 Descriptive research is also called

Statistical Research.
 The main goal is to describe the data and
characteristics about what is being studied.

 Descriptive research is mainly done when a

researcher wants to gain a better
understanding of a topic for example, a
frozen ready meals company learns that
there is a growing demand for fresh ready
meals but doesn’t know much about the
area of fresh food and so has to carry out
research in order to gain a better
understanding.
 Empirical Research Method:

 Empirical research is defined as research

based on observed and measured
phenomena.

 Empirical articles will include charts,

graphs, or statistical analysis.

 There is always a bibliography found at

the end of the article.
 Case Study Research Method:

 Case study means conducting an

empirical investigation of a
contemporary phenomenon within its
natural context using multiple sources of
evidence.

 Case study is defined by the nature of

the research questions, the amount of
control, and the desired end product.
 can be used to remedy or improve
practice, results are hypotheses, design is
flexible, can be applied to troubled
situations.

 case study research method as an

empirical inquiry that investigates a
contemporary phenomenon within its
real-life context
 Participatory Research Method:

 Participatory research is defined as

systematic inquiry, with the collaboration
of those affected by the issue being
studied, for purposes of education and
taking action or effecting change.

 attempts to present people as

researchers themselves in pursuit of
answers to the questions of their daily
struggle and survival
 people are the subjects of research: the
dichotomy between subject and object
is broken.

 the knowledge belongs to the people

and they are the primary beneficiaries of
the knowledge creation.

 there is an built-in mechanism to ensure

authenticity and genuineness of the
information that is generated because
people themselves use the information
for life improvement.
 Exploratory Research Method:

 Exploratory research is a type of research

conducted for a problem that has not
been clearly defined.

 Investigation into a problem or situation

which provides insights to the researcher.

 It may use a variety of methods such as

trial studies, interviews, group discussions,
experiments, or other tactics for the
purpose of gaining information.
 Causal Research Method:

 If the objective is to determine which

variable might be causing a certain
behavior, i.e. whether there is a cause and
effect relationship between variables,
causal research must be undertaken.

 This type of research is very complex and

the researcher can never be completely
certain that there are not other factors
influencing the causal relationship,
especially when dealing with people’s
attitudes and motivations.
 Functions of Research:

 Terminology in research management is

confusing at times, beginning with the
coupling of the words “research” and
“development”.

 From the viewpoint of the larger society, the

broad purpose of research is the creation of
new assets that, hopefully, add strategic or
tactical value to the society
 These range in characteristics from
intangible or abstract systems to highly
tangible tools, hardware to software,
medical techniques to consumer products.

 Another viewpoint held by many

researchers is that research is “the glorious
entertainment”, a purpose in itself.

 the primary aim of industrial research is

synthesis, manifested in the invention of
new techniques, materials, devices or
systems.
 Rationale for Research:

 Privately funded research needs no

justification provided it stays within the
bounds of elementary ethics. But when
research is done on a large scale using
other people’s money, it is appropriate
to ask: “Why do it?”.

 it must be noted that much research –

roughly 90% – does not lead to
recognisable benefits.
 Deciding Research Directions:

 The shape of the activity and its goals

are clear enough that one can attempt
applications of various analytic tools.

 Costs can be estimated. Tasks can be

outlined and their completion times
estimated, yielding expense rates.

 The fraction of “research” that is being

done at the discretion of its practitioners
is continually decreasing.
 The Financial Paradox :

 From the viewpoint of accounting, research

is analogous to inventory – a cost now, to
be converted into income later.

 Research managers and their superiors

change their outlook to concentrate on the
short term, not because this was natural for
them but because there was no other
realistic response to the changes in the
financial environment.

 These changes affect industry first, then

government and finally universities.