Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Basic Terms
Community-
Group of people, a common sentiment, definite
locality, concrete concept.
Society-
The network of social relationship, no definite locality
abstract concept
Urbanization-
Urbanization is not only a process of population movement
from rural to urban areas but also the process of resulting
increasing proportion of a population that resides in urban
rather than rural places.
Sub-urbanization-
The moment of population and services from large cities to
the surrounding areas of these cities
City-
A city is a dense and permanent concentration of people
leaving in a limited geographical area who earn their living
primarily thru non-agricultural activities. The influence of
any cities extends for beyond its official boundaries.
Urban Place-
As if US census any place that has a population of
25,000 or more and is incorporated (united).
To e designated as urban, the required minimum
population very. For example
A number of countries 2,000 in habitanty
Denmark and Sweden 200 lowest
Netherland 20,000
Nepal 20,000
Japan 30,000
US census Bureau 2500
Metropolis-
A large city that economically and culturally dominates
the surrounding area with its satellite cites and towns.
A metropolis in the central city of a metropolitan area.
Metropolitan Area-
A contiguous territorial unit economically and socially
integrated around a large central city or metropolis
such areas tend to be functional units tied together by
a network of transportation and communication lines a
reradiating from metropolis they are not, however,
politically integrated.
Metropolitan Region-
It is larger than metropolitan area and extends well beyond
the suburb of the metropolis. The M.R. is often divided into
the metropolis and its hinterland. Within the hinterland are
found smeller cities, towns and rural areas. Criteria used to
delimit M.R. include the range of metropolitan newspaper
circulation, trade, banking, communication and
transportation routs.
Sub-urbanization
A relatively small community that is a part of the urbanized
area to a metropolis or to a and dependent on a central city.
It may e attached to a metropolis or to a metropolitan city. A
suburb is politically independent from the central city, but
economically dependent upon it.
[Urbanized=Central city and the urban fringe]
Urban Fringe-
The area beyond the established suburbs of a city. It is less
politically organized than the suburbs. This area is also
referred to as the rural urban fringe.
Urban Ring-
The area surrounding a city including suburbs and the urban
fringe.
1 1. central city
2 2. suburban----------
Urban Ring
3. Urban fringe----
3
1+2+3 = Urbanized area.
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)
include-
I. A city of 50,000 or more,
II. The entire country in which the central city is
located, and
III. Any outlying countries that meet several criteria
regarding urban attributes and economic links to the
central city.
Megalopolis-
Standard consolidated area (SCA) includes several
adjacent SMSAs and clearly developing (SCA) is the
Bos-wash Megalopolis which is expected to develop by
the year 2000 into a continuous city of 35 million
people between Boston and Washington DC.
Urban community-
A community c’ is high population density, a predominance of non-
agricultural occupations, a high degree of specialization of local
government. Urban communities also tend to be characterized by a
heterogeneous population, a predominance of impersonal secondary
relations, and dependence on formal social controls.
Theories of evaluation of towns:-beginning from rivers
Hydraulic theory:-1960-Ag. productivity, soil,water availaity,saving,
Technology (fishling) Neolithic period(8000-3500bc),Bureaucracy
Economic theory:-commerce& trade ,markate, Tigris & Euphrates of
Mesopotamia (4000-3000BC),Egyptain
Military Theory:-security Centre, war,battle,...
Religious Theory :-Temple, culture, norms and values
NEPAL:-600BC KTM,malla period(1200-1769),18th century export
&emport centre,1975 community urbanization process,1988,village
settlement,1980 rana punarbash,1951 migration tendency,1950
pubadhar bikash programme,2046,
Megacities of 10 million or above -
Tokyo(38),Delhi(25),Shanghai(23), Mexico, Mumbai, Sao -
paulo .
• Redevelopment
• Rehabilitation
• Urban Conservation
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
The concept of UD emerged in response to growing
problems caused by urbanization. means of rapid urban
growth, urban unemployment and the shortage of resources
are the major problems of urbanization which are to be
solved city’ the help of planned urban development.
Rapid urbanization and growing industrialization have made
UD a challenging process attracting scholars from different
disciplines like urban sociology, urban geography, urban
economics and so forth.
• In fact the concept of UD emerged as a ‘catch-word’
among the planners, demograpers, economists and policy-
makers specially to solve urban problems, thus UD is
viewed from different perspective. To planners, UD is the
preparation of matter plan to solve the anticipated urban
problems.
• Sociologists assume it as a strategy for the planned socio-
cultural change.
• Economists view it as a favorable change in the economic
structure. Specially in the field of industrialization and
market development.
• Political scientists view it as the plan of city government.
• Administrators may view it from the structural and
functional aspects of the organizational arrangement.
• There us a close relationship between UD, urban policy,
urban planning & urbanization.
• Urban development is the determination of execution of
policies, plans, programs and strategies to solve the
prevailing and anticipated problems of urbanization.
.In the field of U.D. our general ojective is to
develop a model urban centre .
1 formation of urban land policy
2 formation of urban settlement policy
3 preparation of settlement planning
4 planning for the transportation
5 design for shelter infrastructure
6 provision of urban services
7 institutionalization of settlement activities
Process of Urban Development
1. Evolutionary process- e.g. Rome, London,
Bataliputra.
2. Planned process
3. Coercive process- e.g. colonial city.
4. Haphazard of self –propelled process. – e.g. On
planned town.
URBANISM
The term ‘Urbanism’ was first used by, the sociologist of the
university of Chicago, Louis Wirth (1938) to describe the
distinctive patterns of social behavior evident among city
residents. Wirth argued that a relatively large and permanent
self residents. Wirth argued distinctive patterns of behavior,
which he called urbanism.
He identified three critical factors contributing to
urbanism:
1. Size of population
2. Density
3. Heterogeneity of population