Chun-Lan Lim, Chee-Ming Chan

Faculty of Engineering Technology,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM),
Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
The idea of AKARPILES was innovated from
the function of tree roots system in slope
stabilization.

Grout was pumped in and discharged

through the outlets on the hollow piles, after
the piles are installed in the slope and
intercepting the slip plane.

The grout then filled the voids within the soil

with random pattern.
Schematic diagram of AKARPILES in slope stabilization
 • To characterize the
Objective grout and determine
strength of grout

• Application of
Scope AKARPILES in surfacial
slope stabilization
Concept of Types of Materials for Basic
AKARPILES Grouting grouting considerations
• Soil Nailing • Fill grouting suspensions of grouting
• Grouting • Jet grouting • Cement • Applied pressure
• Fracture grouting • Bentonite of grouting
• Compaction • Clay • Flow behavior of
grouting • Water grouting material
• Sand & fillers • Ageing behavior
of grouting
• Additives
material
• Strength of grout
Bentonite for AKARPILES
Sodium bentonite
absorbs more water than A small amount of cement
calcium bentonite and it is therefore introduced
expands to a volume 12- into the grout to reduce
15 times its original dry the expansive properties
size when fully saturated of bentonite
with water.
 • SKW
Material • (Sand : Kaolin : Water = 8:2:1)
• Sodium bentonite powder

• Flowability test
Test • Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
• Vane Shear Test (VST)
 Specification Design A Design B

3D view

Angle of pile tip

Length 175 mm 110 mm

Penetration depth in
120 mm 100 mm
slope
Diameter of outlets 4 mm 2 mm
Number of grout outlets 8 4
Water to bentonite (w/b) ratio:
4:1 5:1 6:1
 Container dimension =
13 cm x 9.3cm x 4cm

BS1377: Part 2: 1990

Time interval: Material: Bentonite grout (w/b = 6)
30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min 0 % cement 30 % cement 50 % cement
180 min 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
 BS1377: Part 7: 1990

Vane dimension:
12.7 x 12.7 mm

Vane spring set

ELE international lab
EL26-2275/10
(Serial no. 1103-5-107 )

Time interval: 30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min

180 min 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
 15
Spread diameter (cm)

The plot of
spread 10
diameter
of grout
with 5

different
w/b ratio
0
2 4 6
Water/ bentonite ratio
Penetration Depth Ratio, Dr = D / D
Material: SKW-Grout
 Pile A Pile B

Grout dispersion
Dg = 3cm;
Grout dispersion A = 38cm2
Dg = 4cm ; A = 53cm2
Introduction of cement into bentonite grout is able to reduce the
expandability of bentonite grout and increase the shear strength.

The bentonite: cement: water = 2:2:6 is the optimum mix ratio for grout in
AKARPILES.

The highest shear strength gained from the grout-SKW mixture in 3 days is
12.34 kPa. With high pressure (100 kPa) applied

Pile A has a larger grout dispersion radius and area compared with pile B.

This study is considered as succeed and the objectives are achieved.

A more detailed research and analysis on the design of AKARPILE need to

be carried out
 L. W. Abramson, T. S. Lee, S. Sharma, and G.
M. Boyce, “Slope stability and stabilization
methods,” John Wiley Sons., 2002.
 C. Kutzner, Grouting of Rock and Soil.
Germany: A. A. Balkema, 1996.
 M. Sonebi, D. Hughes, R. Harley, and K.
Lynch,
 “Characterisation of The Performance of
Sustainable Grout Containing Bentonite for
Geotechnical Applications,” pp. 1–10, 2012.