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AERODINAMIKA
BAB 0
pendahuluan
Vorticity Circulation
r
r
ω
r r
U Γ c Ud l
r r r r r
Theorem: ω ( U) 0
Vortex lines are continuous
r r r r r
Theorem: Γ c U dl s U dA
r r
Γ s ω dA
Basic Equations and Assumptions
• Continuity equation
ρm r r
(ρmU) 0
t
• Navier Stokes equation
r
U r 1r r r
r r r r
ρm (U )U p ρ m ν U ( U)
2
t 3
• The assumption of incompressibility
If ρm = constant, then
r r
U 0
• The vorticity equation
ω r ω
r (U r) r
ν 2ω
t
Convection Diffusion
• Reynolds Number
| convection | UL
RN
| diffusion | ν
Reynolds Number
U L RN
2Φ 0 and 2Ψ 0
Examples:
ρm
F iF i 2
x y c W dz ,
2
where W (z ) dF/dz U x iU y is the com plex velocity.
n
Γ0 1 1
W (z ) U 0 i bn z
2π z n
c W 2 dz 2πi Res ( W 2 ) i2U 0 Γ0
Fx 0
Fy ρ m U 0 Γ0
The Joukowski Transformation, 1910
The Joukowski transformation
2
z'z c
,where z’ = x’ + iy’,
z
Fy ρmU0Γ0
L 1 ρm 2
2 U A 2π sinα
L
CL 2π sin α
1ρ
2
2
m U0 A
The Joukowski Family of Airfoils
CL 2π 1 0.77 tl sin(α β0 ), β0 2h / l
Comparison with Experimental Data
Wind Tunnel Observations
Kutta condition
α = 5˚
satisfied
Slight flow
α = 10˚ separation
Complete flow
α = 15˚ separation
(stall)
The Maximum Lift Coefficient
Origin of the Circulation
r r r r
ω 2r
x (U x ω) ν ω
t
1 1
L L2
Where is the Vorticity?
(In the boundary layer)
Finite Wing Span
r)
Effects(continuity of ω
s
L ρmU0 Γ(z)dz
s
s s
ρm dΓ Γ(z ')
Di dzdz '
4 s s dz z z '
M = U0/VS
x y
M<1 M>1
Elliptical differential equation Hyperbolic differential equation
CL 2π sin α 4α
CL
1 M2 M2 1
(Whitcomb, 1971)
Conventional Airfoil Supercritical Airfoil