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Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) convert digital binary numbers into analog voltages. A unipolar DAC scales the analog output from 0 volts for an all-zeros binary input to a maximum voltage for an all-ones input. The output voltage is mathematically defined as a scaling of a reference voltage by the fractional value represented by the binary number. Modern DACs are integrated circuits that accept a parallel digital input, use a reference voltage supply, and output an analog voltage representing the digital input within microseconds.
Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) convert digital binary numbers into analog voltages. A unipolar DAC scales the analog output from 0 volts for an all-zeros binary input to a maximum voltage for an all-ones input. The output voltage is mathematically defined as a scaling of a reference voltage by the fractional value represented by the binary number. Modern DACs are integrated circuits that accept a parallel digital input, use a reference voltage supply, and output an analog voltage representing the digital input within microseconds.
Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) convert digital binary numbers into analog voltages. A unipolar DAC scales the analog output from 0 volts for an all-zeros binary input to a maximum voltage for an all-ones input. The output voltage is mathematically defined as a scaling of a reference voltage by the fractional value represented by the binary number. Modern DACs are integrated circuits that accept a parallel digital input, use a reference voltage supply, and output an analog voltage representing the digital input within microseconds.
• The digital information is in the form of a binary number with some
fixed number of digits. • A unipolar DAC converts a digital word into an analog voltage by scaling the analog output to be zero when all bits are zero and some maximum value when all bits are one. • This can be mathematically represented by treating the binary number that the word represents as a fractional number. In this context, the output of the DAC can be defined using the Equation below as a scaling of some reference voltage:
• Vout = VR [b12-1 + b22-2 + ... + bn2-n]
where : Vout = analog voltage output VR = reference output b1b2 … bn = n-bit binary word
The minimum is zero, and the maximum is determined
by the size of the binary word Thus, a 4-bit word has a maximum of
and an 8-bit word has a maximum of
By modifying the previous equation, we can obtain the easier to use based on noting that the expression really just the fraction of total counting states possible with the n bits being used.
Then we can obtain :
where N = base 10 whole-number equivalent of DAC input A generic DAC diagram
showing typical input and output signals
DAC Characteristics For modern applications, most DACs are integrated circuit (IC) assemblies, viewed as a black box having certain input and output characteristics. The associated characteristics can be summarized as follows by referring to this figure: • Digital input Typically, digital input is a parallel binary word composed of a number of bits specified by the device specification sheet. TTL logic levels are usually required, unless otherwise noted. • Power supply The power supply is bipolar at a level of to V as required for internal amplifiers. Some DACs operate from a single supply. • Reference supply Areference supply is required to establish the range of output voltage and resolution of the converter. This must be a stable, low-ripple source. In some units, an internal reference is provided. • Output The output is a voltage representing the digital input. This voltage changes in steps as the digital input changes by bits, with the step determined by Equation (8). The actual output may be bipolar if the converter is designed to interpret negative digital inputs. • Offset Because the DAC is usually implemented with op amps, there may be the typical output offset voltage with a zero input. Typically, connections will be provided to facilitate a zeroing of the DAC output with a zero word input. • Data latch Many DACs have a data latch built into their inputs. When a logic command is given to latch data, whatever data are on the input bus will be latched into the DAC, and the analog output will be updated for that input data. The output will stay at that value until new digital data are latched into the input. In this way, the input of the DAC can be connected directly onto the data bus of a computer, but it will be updated only when a latch command is given by the computer. • Conversion time ADAC performs the conversion of digital input to analog output virtually instantaneously. From the moment that the digital signal is placed on the inputs to the presence of the analog output voltage is simply the propagation time of the signal through internal amplifiers. Typically, settling time of the internal amplifiers will be a few microseconds.