Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
RDAFernandez, uap
PRINCIPAL TYPES OF COATINGS:
Paints
Stains
Varnishes
PAINTS:
Architectural Paints
are air-drying materials applied by brush or spray to
architectural and structural surfaces and forms for
decorative and protective purposes
Commercial Paints
air-drying or baking-cured materials applied by brush,
spray, or magnetic agglomeration to kitchen and
laundry appliances, automobile, machinery, and
furniture and used as highway marking materials
PAINTS CLASSIFICATION:
Industrial Paints
subdivided by their intended service: corrosion-
resistant coatings, high temperature coatings, and
coatings for immersion service
PAINT COMPOSITION:
Pigment
gives the paint a colour, but also plays a role in its
consistency, ease of application, drying ability,
durability and hardness
“Varnish – no pigment”
Vehicle
a liquid in which pigment is dispersed before being
applied to a surface in order to control consistency,
adhesion, gloss and durability
PAINT COMPOSITION:
Binder
binder makes the coat of paint retain its structure, and
binds it to the surface to which it is applied
“Stain – no binder”
Solvent
solvent dissolves the paint to make it usable at
normal room temperatures
PAINT COMPOSITION:
Type of Paint Solvent Areas of Use
or Binder Inside Outside
Primers
are basecoats applied to a surface to improve
the adhesion of subsequent coats of paint or
varnish
Sealers
are basecoats applied to a surface to reduce
absorption of subsequent coats of paint or
varnish, or to prevent bleeding through the
finish coat
PAINT TYPES:
Spirit Stain
A penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in an
alcohol or spirit vehicle.
STAINS:
Pigmented Stain
Or opaque stain is an oil stain containing pigments
capable of obscuring the grain and texture of a wood
surface
Oil Stain
Made by dissolving dye or suspending pigment in a
drying oil or oil varnish vehicle.
VARNISHES:
Spar
Marine varnish is a durable, weather resistant varnish
made from durable resins and linseed or tung oil.
Polyurethane
Varnish of exceptionally hard, abrasion resistant and
chemical resistant varnish made from plastic resin of
the same name.
VARNISHES:
Lacquer
Refers to any of various clear or colored synthetic
coatings consisting of nitrocellulose or other cellulose
derivative dissolved in a solvent that dries by
evaporation to form a high gloss film.
Shellac
Spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in
denatured alcohol.
PAINTS CAN BE APPLIED BY:
Brush
Spray
Roller
SURFACE PREPARATION (Exterior):
Masonry floors:
Interior and exterior concrete floors must be
allowed to dry approximately 90 days for
proper aging.
Fresh cement contains alkali which
will burn paint.
Floors subjected to excessive
moisture seepage, or hydrostatic
pressure, cannot be
successfully painted.
SURFACE PREPARATION (Exterior):
Metal surfaces:
All metal surfaces must be cleaned and dry
Remove any rust, mill scale or loose paint by
wire brushing, sandblasting/sandpapering.
Bare spots on shop-coated steel must be wire-
brushed and spot primed.
Remove oil and grease with paint thinner or
mineral spirits.
No priming necessary when applying exterior
latex to weathered galvanized metal.
SURFACE PREPARATION (Interior):
Possible Causes:
•Applying oil-based or alkyd paint over a damp or wet surface
•Moisture seeping into the home through the exterior walls
•Exposure of the latex paint film to high humidity or moisture
shortly after paint has dried, especially if there was
inadequate surface.
Solution:
•If blisters do not go all the way down to the substrate: Remove
blisters by scraping & sanding, and repaint with a quality
acrylic latex interior paint.
•If blisters go down to the substrate: Remove the source of
moisture, if possible.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Possible Causes:
•Not allowing sufficient dry time for the coating before closing
doors or windows.
•Use of low quality semi-gloss or gloss paints.
Solution:
•Use top quality semi-gloss or gloss acrylic latex paint. Acrylic
latex paints generally have better early block resistance
than vinyl latex paints, or alkyd or oil-based paints
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Possible Causes:
•Use of flat paint in highly trafficked areas, where a higher
sheen level would be desired.
•Frequent washing and spot cleaning.
•Objects (furniture, for example) rubbing against the walls.
Solution:
•Paint heavy wear areas that require regular cleaning (e.g.,
doors, window sills and trim) with a top quality latex paint
•In high traffic areas, choose a semi-gloss or gloss rather than
a flat sheen level
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Possible Causes:
•Use of a lower quality paint that has inadequate adhesion and
flexibility.
•Over-thinning or overspreading the paint.
•Inadequate surface preparation, or applying the paint to bare
wood without first applying a primer.
Solution:
•Remove loose and flaking paint with a scraper or wire brush,
sanding the surface and feathering the edges.
•Prime bare wood areas before repainting.
•Use of a top quality primer and top coat should prevent a
recurrence of the problem.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Solution:
•Use high quality paints which will allow good flow and
appearance
•Avoid excessive rolling or brushing of the paint or using paint
that is more than a year old.
•Apply an appropriate sealer or primer before using such paint
over a porous surface.
•Problem areas should be sanded before repainting.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Solution:
•Maintain a wet edge when painting by applying paint toward
the unpainted area and then back into the just-painted
surface. This technique will produce a smooth, uniform
appearance. It is also wise to work in manageable-size areas;
plan for interruptions at a natural break, such as a window,
door or corner. Using a top quality acrylic latex paint makes it
easier to avoid lapping problems because high solids
(pigments and binder) content makes lapped areas less
noticeable. Alkyd paints generally have superior wet edge
properties.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Possible Causes:
•Paint is applied too thickly, usually over a porous surface.
•Paint is allowed to build up in corners upon application.
Solution:
•Remove coating by scraping and sanding. Prime and repaint,
using a top quality latex paint. Mud-cracked areas can also be
repaired by sanding the surface smooth before repainting with
a top quality latex paint. Quality paints have a higher solids
content, which reduces the tendency to mud crack. They also
have a very good application and hiding properties, which
minimize the tendency to apply to thick a coat of paint.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Solution:
•If paint is still wet, immediately brush out or re-roll to redistribute
the excess evenly. If the paint has dried, sand and reapply a
new coat of top quality paint. Correct any unfavorable
conditions: Do not thin the paint; avoid cool or humid conditions;
sand glossy surfaces. Paint should be applied at its
recommended spread rate are better than one heavy coat,
which can also lead to sagging. Consider removing doors to
paint them supported horizontally.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Surfactant Leaching:
Concentration of water-soluble
ingredients on the surface of a
latex paint, typically on a ceiling
surface in rooms that have high
humidity (e.g., shower, bathroom,
kitchen); may be evident as tan or
brown spots or areas, and can
sometimes be glossy, soapy or
sticky.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Possible Causes:
•All latex paint formulas will exhibit this tendency to some
extent if applied in areas that become humid (bathrooms, for
example), especially in ceiling areas.
Solution:
•Wash the affected area with soap and water, and rinse.
Problem may occur once or twice again before leachable
material is completely removed. When paint is applied in a
bathroom, it is helpful to have it dry thoroughly before using the
shower. Remove all staining before repainting.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Solution:
•Scrape or sand substrate to remove wrinkled coating. If using
a primer, allow it to dry completely before applying top coat.
Repaint, (avoiding temperature/humidity extremes), applying
an even coat of top quality interior paint.
PAINT DEFECTS (Interior):
Possible Causes:
•Use of low quality semi-gloss or gloss paint.
•Putting a painted surface back into use before paint has fully
dried.
Solution:
•Use top quality acrylic semi-gloss or gloss latex paint. Low
quality latex semi-gloss and gloss paints can have poor print
resistance, especially in warm damp conditions. Acrylic latex
paints generally have better print resistance than vinyl latex
paints. Fully cured alkyd paints also have excellent print
resistance. Make sure the recommended "cure" time is allowed
for the paint before it is put into service. Cool or humid
conditions require more curing time.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Solution:
•Old paint should be completely removed by scraping and
sanding the surface; a heat gun can be used to speed work on
large surfaces, but take care to avoid igniting paint/substrate.
The surface should be primed with a high quality latex or oil-
based primer, then painted w/ a top quality exterior latex paint.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Solution:
•First remove as much of the chalk residue as possible, using a
stiff bristle brush (or wire brush on masonry) and then rinse
thoroughly with a garden hose; or use power washing
equipment. Check for any remaining chalk by running a hand
over the surface after it dries. If noticeable chalk is still present,
apply a quality oil-based or acrylic latex primer (or comparable
sealer for masonry), then repaint with a quality exterior coating;
if little or no chalk remains and the old paint is sound, no
priming is necessary.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Solution:
•Wash off all surface dirt before priming and painting. If unsure
whether the problem is dirt/mildew, conduct a simple spot test.
Clean off dirt with a scrub brush and detergent solution, followed
by a thorough rinsing with a garden hose. While dirt pickup can't
be eliminated entirely, top quality exterior latex paints typically
offer superior dirt pickup resistance & washability. Also, higher
gloss paints are more resistant to dirt pickup than flat paints,
which are more porous and can more easily entrap dirt.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Efflorescence/Mottling: Crusty,
white salt deposits, leached from
mortar or masonry as water passes
through it.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Possible Causes:
•Failure to adequately prepare surface by removing all previous
efflorescence.
•Excess moisture escaping through the exterior masonry walls
from the inside.
Solution:
•Eliminate the source of excessive moisture by repairing the roof,
cleaning out gutters & downspouts, & sealing any cracks in the
masonry. If moist air is originating inside the building, consider
installing vents/exhaust fans, esp in kitchen, bathroom & laundry
areas. Remove the efflorescence & all loose material w/ a wire
brush; then thoroughly rinse the surface. Apply a quality water-
based or solvent-based masonry sealer and allow it to dry
completely; then apply a coat of top quality exterior paint or
elastomeric wall covering.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Solution:
•Frosting can be a stubborn problem & cannot be washed off
readily. The condition can recur even as a bleed-through when a
new top coat is applied. In extreme cases, it can interfere with
adhesion. The best remedy is removing frosting by wirebrushing
masonry/sanding wood surfaces; rinse, then apply a alkyd-
based primer before adding a coat of high quality exterior paint
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Possible Causes:
•Use of water-based latex paint over more than three or four
coats of old alkyd or oil-based paint may cause the old paint to
"lift off" the substrate.
Solution:
•Repaint using another coat of alkyd or oil-based paint. Or
completely remove the existing paint and prepare the surface-
cleaning, sanding and spot-priming where necessary- before
repainting with a top latex exterior paint.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Solution:
•Allow masonry surfaces to cure for at least 30 days, and
ideally for a full year, before painting. If this is not possible, the
painter should apply a quality, alkali-resistant sealer or latex
primer, followed by a top quality 100 percent acrylic latex
exterior paint. The acrylic binder in these paints resists alkali
attack.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Possible Causes:
•Improper surface preparation, such as inadequate rust
removal.
•Failure to apply a primer before application of an oil-based or
vinyl latex paint.
•Failure to sand baked-on enamel finishes or glossy surfaces
before painting.
Solution:
•Any rust on the metal should be removed with a wire brush;
then an acrylic latex corrosion-resistant primer should be
applied before applying an oil-based or vinyl latex top coat.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Solution:
•Direct sunshine can degrade the binder and pigment of a paint,
causing it to chalk and lose its gloss. While all types of paint will
lose some degree of luster over time, lower quality paints will
generally lose gloss much earlier that better grades. The binder
in top quality acrylic latex paint is especially resistant to UV
radiation, while oil & alkyd binders actually absorb the radiation,
causing the binders to break down. Surface preparation for a
coating showing poor gloss retention should be similar to that
used in chalking surfaces.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Possible Causes:
•Most likely cause is that vinyl siding was painted with a darker
color paint than the original color. Dark paint tends to absorb the
heat of the sun, transferring it to the substrate
Solution:
•Paint vinyl siding in a shade no darker than the original. Whites,
off whites, pastels and other very light colors are good choices.
Top quality acrylic latex paint is the best type of paint to use on
vinyl siding, because the superior flexibility of the paint film
enables it to withstand the stress of expansion and contraction
cycles caused by outdoor temperature changes.
PAINT DEFECTS (Exterior):
Solution:
•Scrape or sand substrate to remove wrinkled coating. Repaint,
applying an even coat of top quality exterior paint. Make sure the
first coat or primer is dry before applying the top coat. Apply
paints at the manufacturer's recommended spread rate. When
painting during extremely hot, cool/damp weather, allow extra
time for the paint to dry completely.