Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, the student should be able to:
Interpret the
Identify the hazard and its
workplace hazard injuries or
consequences
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Identify Hazards
Broad categories of hazard
To help with the process of identifying hazards it is useful to categorise
hazards in different ways, for example by topic, e.g.:
Chemical /
Mechanical Electrical
hygiene
Fire and
Substances
explosion
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Mechanical
Hazards
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Unit Learning Outcomes
1. Able to define definition of mechanical hazards
2. Able to recognize types of mechanical hazard
3. Able to list mechanical hazard
4. Explain effect of mechanical hazard
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Mechanical Hazards
Definition:
Mechanical hazards are created as a result of either powered or manual
(human) use of tools, equipment or machinery and plant.
An example of a mechanical hazard is: contact and/or entanglement
with unguarded moving parts on a machine.
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Machinery hazard
Machinery part
• Moveable part: Establishes output function. E.g. drill bit
• Prime Movers: Engine, motor or other devices that bring
mechanical energy that come from steam, water, air, electric or
etc.
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Mechanical hazard
Cutting:
Shearing:
• Produce or divide/cut an object by cutting/shearing
Impact:
• Object or part of machine that assault on body but not stab into body.
• Example: accident with movement part.
Entanglement:
• Cloth or hairs that entangle into moveable or turn part.
• Example: roll machine, gear, shaft, chain.
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Mechanical hazard – cont.
Friction and Abrasion:
• Burn or slice skin body layer.
• Example: abrasive wheel, sanding
Crushing:
• Compress of body part between two machine part/object.
• Example: stamping machinery, power press machine.
Drawing In
• Body caught by the machine and trapped between moveable machine parts.
• Example: roll machine
Ejection:
• Push out of work piece or machinery part.
• Cause effect:
• Failure of machine
• Failure of work piece
• Example : abrasive wheel, drill machine
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List and briefly
explain the common
Activity 1
types of mechanical
injury hazards.
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Electrical Safety
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Unit Learning Outcomes
1. Explain how electricity is measured.
2. List electrical hazard.
3. Effects of electricity to human
4. Electrical safety principle
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How Electricity is Measured?
Volts the “pressure” under which
electricity flows.
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Electrical Hazards
Electrical shock
Arcing
Fire
Static electricity
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Electrical Hazard - Shock
Occurs when live wire comes into
contact with earth
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Electrical Hazard - Arching
Electrical connectivity from one device to another
caused by different charges
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Electrical Hazard - Fire
Arch comes into contact with flammable
materials
Short-circuits
Overloading
Static electricity
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Electrical Hazard – Static Electricity
Caused when two insulators are
rubbed against each other
Characteristic
• High voltage, low current
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Effects of Current
The effect is dependent on:
• Amount of current and voltage
• Body resistance
• Severity of shock
• Duration
Protection against
indirect contact
• Provide effective earthing
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Safe Use of Electricity
Important factors to consider
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Activity 2
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Activity 2 cont
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CHEMICAL SAFETY
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Unit Learning Outcomes
Able to explain what is
chemical hazards
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CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Health effects
Damage to environment
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Health Effects
A toxic substance is one that has a negative effect on
the health of a person or animal.
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KNOW THE HAZARDS
LABELLING OF CONTAINER
• Clear indication to show identity
• Give attention of chemical danger to
chemical handler and user
• Use symbol, risk phrases and safety
HAZARD INFORMATION
• International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC)
• Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
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OPERATION CONTROL
STRATEGIES
Control strategies:
Exposure monitoring
Health surveillance
Record keeping
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Summary
The most prominent hazards in the workplace are chemical, physical, biological,
and ergonomic.
The main routes of entry for toxic agents are inhalation, absorption, and
ingestion.
The most common types of airborne contaminants are dusts, fumes, smoke,
aerosols, mists, gases, and vapors.
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Unit Learning Outcomes
Explain the definition of manual handling
Accident might happened when manual handling
List types of injuries that are associated with poor manual handling.
Explain the factor to consider to overcome the accident while doing
manual handling
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Manual Handling
Definition
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Manual handling
The incident might happen:
◦ Miscarried the load
◦ Bumped by the load
◦ Dropped / slipped by the carried load
◦ Touched with sharp edge of the load
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Manual handling
The injuries will be on:
◦ Outer body part
◦ Scratches
◦ Cuts
◦ Scrapes
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Manual Handling
Factors to be considered:
◦ Size
◦ Condition of load
◦ Physical shape of load
◦ Weight
◦ Stability
◦ External surface of load
◦ Location of load
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Manual Handling
o Factors to be considered:
Condition of floor surface
Head clearance
Surrounding temperature
Lighting
Mental and physical condition of worker
Appropriate lifting tools
Workers clothing
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Manual Handling Strategy
Know the load to be lifted
Know the where the load is supposed to be placed
Evaluate the potential risk
Chose the ideal lifting method
Make necessary arrangement prior to moving the
load
Monitor the task being performed
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Safety Measure - Before
Determine whether if the weight can be distributed
Re-shape bulky items to facilitate lifting
Change the work area or work station layout e.g. fit
the workstation to the workers height
Look for alternative methods e.g. pull, push, etc.
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Safety Measure - Before
Evaluate lifting technique – use proper body posture
Use lifting aid to carry load – wedge, crow bars, etc.
Train the workers to perform work safely
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Safety Measure - During
Use the right method and technique
Ensure work plan is followed
Evaluate the work technique and procedure continuously
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Activity 1
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Activity 1 cont
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MAINTENANCE SAFETY
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TYPE OF MAINTENANCE
Preventive Maintenance
Statutory Preventive Maintenance
Breakdown Maintenance
Online Maintenance
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FREQUENCY OF
MAINTENANCE
Age of machinery
Record of machinery failures
Condition of machine operations
Instruction / Recommendation / Recommendation from supplier
Legislative requirements
Company Policy
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ACCIDENT DURING
MAINTENANCE
Exposure to dangerous substances
Contact with elements / material / moving parts
of machinery
Fall
◦ on the same level
◦ from height
Hit by falling objects
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MAINTENANCE SAFETY
Steps to be taken :
Provide safety training for employees involved
Establish SOP
Establish safe system of work
Supervise works to be done
Establish work permit before start work
Draft regulations of maintenance work
Put in place warning sign
Selection of workers
Provide clothing & suitable PPE
Use suitable tools
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Office Safety
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CHAIRS AND DESKS
GOOD LOWER BACK SUPPORT
ADJUSTABLE - KNEES AND HIPS ARE LEVEL.
CHAIRS ON CASTORS MUST HAVE 5 LEGS
IF YOUR DESK IS TOO HIGH, COMPENSATE BY RAISING THE SEAT
HEIGHT OF YOUR CHAIR
NEVER STAND ON THE CHAIR TO REACH ANYTHING, PARTICULAR
IF THE CHAIR HAS WHEELS OR IS OF THE SWIVEL KIND.
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COMPUTERS
A BADLY POSITIONED COMPUTER NOT ONLY MAKES THE USER
UNPRODUCTIVE, IT ALSO CAUSES DISCOMFORT.
IF THE MONITOR IS BADLY POSITIONED THE USER WILL PROBABLY
SUFFER EYESTRAIN, HEADACHES, STIFF NECK AND SHOULDERS, AND
BACKACHE.
THE MONITOR SHOULD BE PLACED DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE USER
TO OPTIMISE A VISUAL RANGE OF 30 IN ANY DIRECTION
THE SCREEN SHOULD BE 45-60 CM AWAY FROM THE USER’S EYES
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STACKING AND STORAGE
LIGHT OBJECTS STORED ON TOP AND HEAVY OBJECTS IN
THE BOTTOM - ALSO IN FILING CABINETS.
BOXES, FILES AND OTHER HEAVY ARTICLES MUST NOT BE
STACKED ON TOP OF CABINETS, CUPBOARDS OR WINDOW
SILLS.
KEEP PASSAGES CLEAR AND FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
UNOBSTRUCTED.
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ELECTRICAL SAFEGUARDING
NO UNAUTHORISED PERSON MAY TAMPER WITH ANY ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCE OR DISTRIBUTION BOARD.
DO NOT OVERLOAD SOCKETS. ASK FOR AN ADDITTIONAL POINT TO BE
INSTALLED
IF A MACHINE TRIP OR AN ELECTRICAL CABLE BECOME WARM TO THE
TOUCH, IT MUST BE DISCONNECTED AND REPORTED WIHTOUT DELAY
CABLE AND EXTENSION CORDS SHOULD NOT BE RUN UNPROTECTED
BENEATH CARPETING NOR SHOULD THEY SPAN WALKWAYS WITHOUT
BEING SECURED IN AN ENCAPSULATION DEVICE.
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ELECTRICAL SAFEGUARDING
DO NOT USE TAPED JOINTS TO CONNECT CABLES SINCE THEY
DON’T HAVE SUFFICIENT INSULATION OR PROTECTION FROM
LIQUIDS.
DO CARRY OUT YOUR OWN VISUAL INSPECTIONS OF PLUGS AND
LEADS AND GET THEM REPAIRED AS NECESSARY.
LOOK OUT FOR:
◦ PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO THE CABLE
◦ DAMAGE TO THE PLUGS
◦ INSECURE CONNECTIONS TO THE PLUG
DO SWITCH OFF EQUIPMENT BEFORE UNPLUGGING AND BEFORE
CLEANING
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SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS
PREVENT THEM BY REMEMBERING THE FOLLOWING:
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STAIRS
◦ DISTRACTION ON STAIRS
◦ TAKE ONE STEP AT A TIME
◦ DON’T LOAD YOUR ARMS SO FULL OF MATERIALS THAT YOU CAN’T SEE
◦ KEEP ONE HAND ON THE HANDRAIL
◦ DON’T CONGREGATE ON STAIRS OR LANDINGS
◦ KEEP STAIRS WELL LIGHTED
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OFFICE MACHINES
LEARN HOW TO OPERATE THEM SAFELY BEFORE YOU USE THEM
LOOSE CLOTHING, JEWELLERY, LONG FLOWING HAIR TO BE KEPT OUT
OF MACHINES.
KEEP HANDS AND FINGERS CLEAR OF PAPER INLET AT THE SHREDDER.
SWITCH THE MACHINE OFF BEFORE TRYING TO CLEAR A BLOCKAGE.
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CONSTRUCTIO
N SAFETY
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HAZARDS AT CONSTRUCTION SITE
Heat stress Ergonomics
Noise Biological
Mineral dust Work at height
Machinery (mechanical) Work in confined space
Electrical Lighting
Radiation Suffocation / drown
Chemicals
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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Control:
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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Control:
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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Control:
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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Control:
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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Controls:
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MECHANICAL
HANDLING
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MECHANICAL HANDLING
Type of machinery:
Lift
Escalator, travellator, walkalator
Crane and hoist
Conveyor
Forklift
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MECHANICAL HAZARD
MACHINE HAZARD
Lift (Maintenance worker )
Trap between lift and wall
Entanglement
Ergonomic problem
Electrocution
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HAZARD - MECHANICAL HANDLING
MACHINE HAZARD
Truck Accidental hit
Fork lift falling load
• Tower Crane
• Overhead travelling
crane
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HAZARD - MECHANICAL HANDLING
MACHINE HAZARD
Escalator (Passenger)
Entanglement
Slip
(Maintenance employee)
Caught between roller or chain
Ergonomic problem
Electrocution
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HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROL TECHNIQUE
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HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL TECHNIQUE
7. Supervision of work area
8. Barricade work area
9. Erection of signboard at work area
10. Fixed safety device
11. Effective communication system
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CONFINED SPACE
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HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACE
Hazards:
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PROCEDURE OF ENTRY
ADMINISTRATIVE
Step 2: Preparation
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PROCEDURE OF ENTRY
ADMINISTRATIVE
Step 2: Preparation
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PROCEDURE OF ENTRY
ADMINISTRATIVE
Step 2: Preparation
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PROCEDURE OF ENTRY
ADMINISTRATIVE
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FIRE SAFETY
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Introduction
The fire incident consists of:
◦ Processes in line
◦ In confined space
◦ In the building
◦ Tools/machines in the building
◦ Outside tools /machines
◦ Store area
Introduction
Causes of fire
◦ Short circuit
◦ Malfunction devices
◦ Welding, metal cutting activities
◦ Drown of flammable liquids or gasses
◦ Overheated
◦ Pipe leaking or malfunction
◦ Open fire
Introduction
Factor that contribute to the fire
Heat
Solid or liquid
◦ Need more heat than gasses
◦ Need more oxygen ( 2 – 5%)
Basic fire
Ignition of flammable
◦ Small ignition
◦ Heated until self-ignition temperature
Basic fire
Fire spread via:
◦ Direct fire
◦ Heat transfer
◦ Spread of inflammable material
Fire spread
Heat transfer via
◦ Flow
◦ Fire could be blocked by solid material
◦ Blow up
◦ Fire spread in vertical Beam/spark
◦ Spread to other object with direct contact
Fire spread
Movement of fired material
◦Fired liquid
◦Flammable gasses
Basic fire
Ignition phenomena
◦ Self-ignition
◦ Ignition by:
◦ Spark
◦ Overheated surface
◦ Friction of surface
◦ Hot jet gasses
◦ Hot molecule
◦ Fire jet
◦ Combustion
Sources of ignition
◦ Fire
◦ Open fire
◦ Fire in pressure vessel or tank
◦ Small fire
◦ Hot work
◦ Welding, cutting and grinding
◦ Hot surface
◦ Oven
◦ Over work machines. E.g. : motor, pump
IGNITION
Hot molecule
SOURCE
Friction
Chemical reaction - thermo
Unstable material and easy to react with fire
Hot material or gasses
Overheated diesel engine
Transport
Lightening
IGNITION SOURCE
Radio frequency
Smoking
Open fire or sabotage
Self ignition
Combustion ignition
IGNITION SOURCE
Self-ignition
◦ Caused by reaction of slowly oxidize heat
◦ In process material, store or transportation
◦ Example: coil
ELECTROSTATIC
Generate when two surfaces are in friction and then separate
simultaneously and caused the each surface had a different electrical
charge.
Low ampere, high voltage
ELECTROSTATIC
Electrostatic hazard are in:
◦ Human body
◦ Spray tools/activities
◦ Transfer machine
Fire classification
Code BS EN2 : 1992
4. Legal requirements
THE END
THANK YOU
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