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DEFINITION
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Cable coating :
Application of fire retardants, which are either endothermic or
intumescent, to reduce flamespread and smoke development of
combustible cable-jacketing.
fireproofing cladding :
Boards used for the same purpose and in the same applications as
spray fireproofing .Materials for such cladding include perlite,
vermiculite, calcium silicate, gypsum, intumescent epoxy, Durasteel
(cellulose-fibre reinforced concrete and punched sheet-metal bonded
composite panels), MicroTherm
spray fireproofing:
Application of intumescent or endothermic paints, or fibrous or
cementitious plasters to keep substrates such as structural steel,
electrical or mechanical services, valves, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) vessels, vessel skirts, bulkheads or decks below either 140 °C
for electrical items or ca. 500 °C for structural steel elements to
maintain operability of the item to be protected.
Enclosures:
Boxes or wraps made of fireproofing materials, including fire-
resistive wraps and tapes to protect speciality valves and other items
deemed to require protection against fire and heat—an analogy for this
would be a safe or the provision of circuit integrity measures to keep
electrical cables operational during an accidental fire.
Fire Resistance Rating
Fire-resistive barriers are evaluated in testing furnaces by exposure
to a fire whose severity follows a time-varying temperature curve
known as the standard time-temperature curve. The curve was
adopted by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
in 1918 and has been the basis for almost all fire-resistance testing
ever since .
Building materials are provided a rating on their ability to resist the
effects of fire without failure, which is typically expressed in hours.
Tests used to evaluate the fire resistance of material include
Underwriters Laboratories 263: ‘‘Fire Tests of Building
Construction and Materials,’’ ASTM E119: ‘‘Methods of Fire Tests
of Building Construction and Materials,’’ and NFPA 251: Standard
Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and
Materials (NFPA 2002b, § 2-1).
These fire-resistance tests contain detailed test procedures, a guide
on the restraint required, if any, and a suggested format for reporting
results. The standards also specify the preparation and conditioning
of the test specimen and acceptance criteria, which are specific to
the element tested.
. In general, the test continues until failure, which may include any
of the following (NFPA 1997, 7–51):
Failure of test specimen to support a load Temperature
increase on unexposed surface of 250F above ambient Passage of heat
or flame sufficient to ignite cotton waste Excess temperature on steel
members Failure of walls and partitions under hose stream Information
on a building material’s fire-resistance rating is available from a variety
of sources such as the UL Fire Resistance Directory and Building-
Materials Directory. The Fire Resistance Directory provides hourly
ratings for a variety of building components, such as beams, columns,
and floors. The Building Materials Directory contains a listing and
classification for various building materials based on flame-spread
ratings.
MAJOR TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
The construction of a building has a significant
influence on its fire and life safety and capabilities (NFPA 1997, 7–3). Building
construction for life safety includes the layout of the facility, the traffic-flow
patterns of the occupants, the types of construction materials used, and their
fire-resistance ratings. The design of the facility can aid in preventing the fires
from occurring and, once they do, limit the spread of the fire through
containment. The NFPA has developed a classification system for building
types. All buildings and structures shall be classified according to their type .
FIRE-PROTECTION FEATURES
Fire protection of building elements is provided for two reasons:
(1)to prevent the spread of fire within or into the building during an
uncon trolled fire, and
(2) (2) to ensure that, even under that exposure, the building frame or
elements of that frame will not collapse (NFPA 1997, 7–17).
Occupant protection in today’s buildings improves the safety of
people by slowing the spread of smoke and flames.
Compartmentation limits the size of the fire. The goals of room
compartmentation in confining a fire to the room or suite of rooms
of origin are to generally segregate a space with a higher level of fire
hazard than the surrounding area and to minimize the risk of loss to
an occupant of one space as a result of a fire in a space controlled by
another. The most common failure of compartmentation is that a
door is left open
FIRE RESISTANCE OF AREAS ADJACENT TO EXTERNAL AREAS
Fire resistance classes
Elements that are axial loaded (for example columns and walls)
where the requirements are the rate of deformation and maximum
deformation.
E Integrity
The integrity E is the ability of a test specimen of a separating
element of building construction, when exposed to fire on one side,
to prevent the passage through it of flames and hot gases and to
prevent the occurrence of flames on the unexposed side. The
requirements are the following: