Beam-Columns

Members Under Combined Forces

Most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of both bending and axial load
e.g. Statically Indeterminate Structures
A B
P1

C D
P2

E F
 Interaction Formulas for Combined Forces

 Load Effects  1.0

Resistance
e.g. LRFD
If more than one resistance is involved consider interaction

  iQi    iQi 
       1.0
 Rn  LS 1  Rn  LS 2
 Basis for Interaction Formulas

Tension/Compression & Single Axis Bending

Pu Mu
  1.0
 c Pn  b M n

Tension/Compression & Biaxial Bending

Pu  M ux M uy 
    1.0
c Pn  b M nx b M ny 


Quite conservative when compared to actual ultimate strengths

especially for wide flange shapes with bending about minor axis
 AISC Interaction Formula – CHAPTER H

AISC Curve

Pr 8  M rx M ry  P
   1.0 for r  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  P
   1.0 for r  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc

r = required strength

c = available strength
Pr 8  M rx M ry  P
   1.0 for r  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  P
   1.0 for r  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc

REQUIRED CAPACITY
Pr Pc
Mrx Mcx
Mry Mcy
Pr 8  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc
 Axial Capacity Pc

Pn  Fcr Ag
 QFy
 KL E

 0.658 F e
QFy if  4.71

  r QFy



Fcr   or Fe  0.44QFy




 0.877 Fe otherwise
 Axial Capacity Pc

Fe: Elastic Buckling Stress corresponding to the controlling mode of

failure (flexural, torsional or flexural torsional)

Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko & Gere 1961)

Flexural Buckling Torsional Buckling Flexural Torsional Flexural Torsional

2-axis of symmetry Buckling Buckling
1 axis of symmetry No axis of symmetry

 2E AISC Eqtn AISC Eqtn AISC Eqtn

Fe 
KL / r 2 E4-4 E4-5 E4-6
 Effective Length Factor

Free to rotate and translate Fixed on top Free to rotate

Fixed on bottom Fixed on bottom Fixed on bottom

 2 EA  2 EA  2 EA
Pcr  Pcr 
2L 
r
2

0.5L
r
2

Pcr 

0.7 L
2

r
 Effective Length of Columns

Ic Lc
Ig Lg Ig Lg Assumptions
A • All columns under
Ic Lc consideration reach buckling
Simultaneously
B
• All joints are rigid

• Consider members lying in the

plane of buckling
Define:


• All members have constant A

GA 
I c Lc
GB 
 I c Lc
I g Lg Ig Lg
 Effective Length of Columns

Use alignment charts (Structural Stability Research Council SSRC)

LRFD Commentary Figure C-C2.2 p 16.1-241,242

Connections to foundations
(a) Hinge
G is infinite - Use G=10
(b) Fixed
G=0 - Use G=1.0
 Axial Capacity Pc

LRFD
Pc  c Pn

c  resistance factor for compressio n  0.90

c Pn  design compressiv e strength

 Axial Capacity Pc

ASD
Pn
Pc 
c

c  safety factor for compressio n  1.67

Pn c  allowable compressiv e strength

Pr 8  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc
 Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy

 M p for Lb  Lp

  Lb  Lp 
M n  Cb  M p  M p  M r    M p for Lp  Lb  Lr
  Lr  Lp 
 F S  M for L  L
 cr x p r b

M r  0.7 Fy S x
2
Cb E2
Jc  Lb 
Fcr  1  0.078  
Lb rts 2
S x ho  rts 

REMEMBER TO CHECK FOR NON-

COMPACT SHAPES
 Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy

REMEMBER TO ACCOUNT FOR LOCAL

BUCKLING IF APPROPRIATE

 M p for    p

   p 
M n    M p  M p  M r    M p for  p    r
  r   p 
 F S  M for   
 cr x p r
 Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy

LRFD ASD

M c  b M n Mn
Mc 
b
b  0.90 b  1.67
 Demand

Pr 8  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc
 Axial Demand Pr

LRFD ASD

Pr  Pu Pr  Pa
factored service
 Demand

Pr 8  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc
 Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification

P P

ymax @ x=L/2 = d

Mmax @ x=L/2 = Mo  Pd  wL2/8 + Pd

additional moment causes additional
deflection
 Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification

Consider
P P
D

H H

Mmax = Mo  PD
additional moment causes additional
deflection
Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification

• Total Deflection cannot be Found Directly

• Additional Moment Because of Deformed Shape

• First Order Analysis

• Undeformed Shape - No secondary moments

• Second Order Analysis (P-d and P-D)

• Calculates Total deflections and secondary moments
• Iterative numerical techniques
• Not practical for manual calculations
• Implemented with computer programs
 Design Codes

AISC Permits

Second Order Analysis

or

Moment Amplification Method

Compute moments from 1st order analysis
Multiply by amplification factor
Derivation of Moment Amplification

 x 
yo  e sin  
 L
 Derivation of Moment Amplification

Moment Curvature  x 
yo  e sin  
d2y M  L
2

dx EI
P
M  P yo  y  M

d2y P  x 
   e sin  y
dx 2
EI  L 

d2y P Pe x
2
 y   sin 2nd order nonhomogeneous DE
dx EI EI L
 Derivation of Moment Amplification

d2y P Pe x
2
 y   sin
dx EI EI L

Boundary Conditions
@x 0 y0

@x  L y0

Solution
x
y  B sin
L
 Derivation of Moment Amplification

x
Substitute y  B sin in DE
L
2 x
P x Pe x
 2 B sin  B sin   sin
L L EI L EI L
Solve for B

Pe
 e e
EI e
B   2 
P  2
 EI  EI
2
Pe
 2 1 2 2
1 1
EI L PL PL P
 Derivation of Moment Amplification

Deflected Shape

x  e  x
y  B sin   sin 
L  Pe P   1 L
 1  x   1 
 P P   1 e sin L    P P   1 yo
 e    e 
 Derivation of Moment Amplification

Moment
 x   x 
M  P yo  y   P e sin 
e
 sin 
 L  Pe P   1 L

 x  1 
 P e sin  
 L  1  P P 
e 

Mo(x) Amplification
Factor
Braced vs. Unbraced Frames

M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt
Eq. C2-1a

M r  required moment strength

 M u for LRFD
 M a for ASD
 Braced vs. Unbraced Frames

M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt Eq. C2-1a

Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no

sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway

B1 = Amplification factor for moments in member

with no sidesway

B2 = Amplification factor for moments in member

resulting from sidesway
Braced Frames

M  P yo  y 

 1 
 Mo  
 1   Pe P  
Braced Frames
 Braced Frames

Cm
B1  1
1  aPr Pe1 
AISC Equation C2 - 2

Pr = required axial compressive strength

= Pu for LRFD
= Pa for ASD

Pr has a contribution from the PD effect and is given by

Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt
 Braced Frames

Cm
B1  1
1  aPr Pe1 
AISC Equation C2 - 2

a = 1 for LRFD
= 1.6 for ASD

 2 EI
Pe1 
K1L 
2
 Braced Frames

Cm coefficient accounts for the shape of the moment

diagram
 Braced Frames

Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS

 M1 
Cm  0.6  0.4  AISC C2 - 4
 M2 
M1: Absolute smallest End Moment
M2: Absolute largest End Moment
 Braced Frames

Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS

 aPr 
Cm  1    AISC Commentary C2 - 2
 Pe1 

 2d o EI
 2
-1
MoL
AISC Commentary Table C - C2.1

COSERVATIVELY Cm= 1
 Unbraced Frames

M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt Eq. C2-1a

Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no

sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway

B1 = Amplification factor for moments in member

with no sidesway

B2 = Amplification factor for moments in member

resulting from sidesway
Unbraced Frames
Unbraced Frames
 Unbraced Frames

1
B2  1
a  Pnt a = 1.00 for LRFD
1 = 1.60 for ASD
 Pe2
P nt
= sum of required load capacities for all columns in
the story under consideration

P e2
= sum of the Euler loads for all columns in the
story under consideration
 Unbraced Frames

P 
 2 EI
P  Rm
 HL
e2
K 2 L  2 e2
DH

Used when shape is known Used when shape is NOT known

e.g. check of adequacy e.g. design of members
 Unbraced Frames

P 
 EI
2

P  Rm
 HL
e2
K 2 L 
2 e2
DH
I = Moment of inertia about axis of bending
K2 = Unbraced length factor corresponding to the
unbraced condition
L = Story Height
Rm = 0.85 for unbraced frames
DH = drift of story under consideration

SH = sum of all horizontal forces causing DH