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Heat
exchangers are
used in AC and
furnaces
• The closed-type exchanger is the most popular one.
• One example of this type is the Double pipe exchanger.
• In this type, the hot and cold fluid streams do not come
into direct contact with each other. They are separated by
a tube wall or flat plate.
Principle of Heat Exchanger
• First Law of Thermodynamic: “Energy is conserved.”
0 0 0 0
dE
=∑ .hin −∑
m ˆ m ˆ
.hout +q
+w s +e
generated
dt in out
Qh = A.m h .C ph .∆ Th
∑m .hˆ = −∑m .hˆ
Qc = A.m c .C pc .∆ Tc in out
Qh
HOT
Thermal Boundary Layer
Cross Section Area
THERMAL
BOUNDARY LAYER Region III: Solid –
Energy moves from hot fluid to Cold Liquid
a surface by convection, Convection
through the wall by conduction,
and then by convection from the NEWTON’S LAW OF
surface to the cold fluid. CCOLING
d
qx=h
c(o
w−
.T T
c)
.d
A
Th Ti,wall
To,wall
Tc
V= ∫ u2πrdr
r =0
V = volumetric flowrate
u = average mean velocity
In turbulent flow, there is no such distribution.
r
• Accordingly the temperature gradient is larger at the wall
and through the viscous sub-layer, and small in the
turbulent core.
Tube wall
qx = hA(Tw −T)
δ
h.A i
Solid Convection
ro
kcopper .2πL qx .ln
qx = ri
Region II : Conduction
ln o
r To,wall −Ti,wall =
Across Copper Wall ri kcopper .2πL
qx
qx =hc(T −Tc =
c)
Region III : Solid –
ll −T A To,wall
Cold Liquid Convection o,w
a o hc.Ao
+
qx ro
Th −Tc = ln
i
1+R2 +R Th −Tc =qx
1 r 1
R + +
3
hh .Ai kcopper .2πL hc .Ao
x=
q U (h−
.A
.T c)
T
−1
ro
ro . ln
U=
1 r
U = o + ri + 1 r r
A.ΣR hhot .ri kcopper .ri hcold i o
Calculating U using Log Mean Temperature
dqh = m h .C ph .dTh d (∆T ) = dTh − dTc dqh
Hot Stream : dqc
∆ T = Th − Tc d (∆ T ) = −
m .C h m .C c
Cold Stream: dqc = m c .C .dTcc
p
h p c p
A A
T10
T1 T2
T4 T5 T10
T2
T3 T6 T1 T4 T5
T3 T6
T8 T9
T7
P arallel Flow
∆T1 = T − T = T3 − T7
T9
in in T7 T8
h c
∆T1 = T − Tcout = T3 − T7
Counter - Cur rent Flow
in
h
∆T2 = Thout − Tcout = T6 − T10
∆T2 = Thout − Tcin = T6 − T10
q=h
hAi∆
Tl
m 1 2
T3 T4 T6
(T −T)−(T6 −T2) T6
∆Tlm = 3 1
(T −T) T1
Wall
ln 3 1
(T6 −T2) T2
T7 T8
T9
T10
A
q=h
cAo∆
Tl
m
=
N
uf
(
R
e
,Pr
,L/
D,/
bo)
h.D v.D.ρ
C p .µ
k µ k
•Further Simplification: u=
N a
.
Reb.
rc
P
D
Nu =
Can Be Obtained from 2 set of experiments
δ
One set, run for constant Pr
And second set, run for constant Re
h
k
q = A(Tw − T )
δ
•Empirical Correlation
•For laminar flow
Nu = 1.62 (Re*Pr*L/D)
•For turbulent flow
0.14
µb
Nu Ln = 0.026. Re . Pr
0. 8 1/ 3
.
µo
Hot Flow
Cold Flow Rotameters
rotameter
Heat Temperature
Controller Controller
5.5
5
Experimental trend
y = 0.0175x – 4.049
ln (Nu)
4.5
3.5
2.5
Experimental trend
2
250
y = 0.7966x – 3.5415
9 .8 10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11
ln (Re) 200
150
Nus
100
50
Theoretical trend
0
y = 0.3317x + 4.2533 150 2150 4150 6150 8150 10150 12150
P r^X Re^Y
4.8
4.6
ln (Nu)
4.4
4.2 Experimental Nu = 0.0175Re0.7966 Pr0.4622
4
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Theoretical Nu = 0.026Re0.8 Pr0.33
ln (P r)
Experimental trend
y = 0.4622x – 3.8097
Effect of core tube velocity on the local and
over all Heat Transfer coefficients
35000
Heat Transfer Coefficient Wm-2K-
30000
25000
20000 hi (W/m2K)
ho (W/m2K)
U (W/m2K)
15000
10000
5000
0
0 1 2 3 4
-1
Velocity in the core tube (ms )