Organisms are able to reproduce.

When an organism reproduces繁殖, the offspring下一

代 always look like their parents.

Cats will only give birth to cats. Human to human.

The offspring are said to have inherited遗传 their

parents’ characteristics特征.
•A gene is the basic unit 基本单位of heredity遗传 in a
living organism.

•DNA is a nucleic acid that contain genetic instruction指示

used in development and functioning of all organisms.

•A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and

protein that is found in cells.
• Our characteristics are determined决定 by information资
料 found in our chromosomes.

• Chromosomes are located in the nucleus.

• Each chromosome contains a long molecule called

deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ).

• In each DNA molecule are unit called genes基因.

• Each gene carries information that determines a certain

characteristics.
•The characteristics of parents are passed down传
to their offspring through genes基因.

•We say that genes 基 因 are the units of

inheritance遗传单位.
Mitosis Meiosis
有丝分裂 成熟分裂
•Mitosis is a process by which divides分裂 into 2
identical一样 cells.

•Original cell called parent cell.

•Cells formed as a result of cell division called

daughter cells.

•Daughter cells have the same genetic information

一样的基因资料 as the parent cell.
Increasing number of Regenerate lost parts
cells 增加细胞数量 再生失去的部分

Replacing dead or
Asexual
worn out cell
reproduction
代替死去或受伤的 无性生殖
细胞
Repair injured Vegetative
organs reproduction
修复受伤的器官
Next
Asexual reproduction

Back
Vegetative reproduction

Back
 zygote

embryo
• Meiosis is a cell division that produces生产 gametes配子.

• Gametes contain only half the number of chromosomes

compared to the parent cell which produces them.

• Meiosis occurs in reproductive organs 繁 殖 器 官 . In

animals and humans, it occur in the testis睾丸. In plants,
it occur in the anther and ovule.
• Half the number of chromosomes during
formation of gametes.

• Ensure 确 定 number of chromosomes is

maintained维持 from generation to generation
世代相传.

• Crossing-over交换produce variation不同.
Male ( 46 chromosomes ) Female ( 46 chromosomes )

Sperm
Ovum
( 23 chromosomes )
( 23 chromosomes )

Fertilisation

Zygote
(46 chromosomes )

Baby
( 46 chromosomes )
 Mitosis Meiosis

Similarities

• Both are cell division 细胞分裂

• Both involve 牵 涉 the duplication 成 倍 of
chromosomes
• Chromosomes in both divisions are pulled to the poles
of the cell by spindle threads 细长的线
• Both involve the division of nucleus and cytoplasm
 Mitosis Differences Meiosis

Once Number of times Twice

cytoplasm divides

Same as in Number of Half of what the

chromosomes in
parent cell parent cell has
each daughter cell

2 daughter cells Number of 4 daughter cells

daughter cells

Does not occur Crossing-over Occurs

 Mitosis Differences Meiosis

Identical Genetic content Different

No variation Variation Variation occurs

In somatic cells Occurrence In germ cells

For growth and To produce

Purpose gametes for sexual
sexual
reproduction reproduction
1. Arrange the following from the smallest to the biggest.
A. chromosome, DNA, gene
B. chromosome, gene, DNA
C. gene, DNA, chromosome
D. DNA, gene, chromosome
2. Meiosis involves
A. 1 division of nucleus followed by 1 division of
cytoplasm
B. 1 division of nucleus followed by 2 division of
cytoplasm
C. 2 division of nucleus followed by 1 division of
cytoplasm
D. 2 division of nucleus followed by 2 division of
cytoplasm
3. The following events occur in mitosis. List them in the
correct order.
P) Formation of spindle fibres
Q) Chromosomes move towards the poles
R) Separation of chromatids
S) Arrangement of chromosomes at the cell equator

A. S,P, R, Q
B. P, S, R, Q
C. P, R, Q, S
D. R, S, Q, P