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STATISTICS
Janette C. Lagos
Statistical Hypothesis Testing
Definition 1. Hypothesis
The Hypothesis is an assumption which is tested
to check whether the inference drawn from the
sample of data stand true for the entire
population or not.
Source: https://businessjargons.com/hypothesis-testing-procedure.html
Statistical Hypothesis Testing
Design
We use the t-test for dependent means when
we collect data two different times on a single
sample drawn from a population or when two
different people are sampled as a pair because
they are linked in some fashion in the
population.
T-test for Dependent Means
Assumptions
1. Random sampling from a defined population
2. Interval or ratio scale of measurement
3. Population difference scores are normally
distributed
4. Standard deviation was drawn from the samples
5. Number of observations (n1 + n2) is less than 30
6. Paired observations
7. One set of subjects measured twice
8. Degree of freedom (v) is observed where v=n-1
and n is the number of paired observations
T-test for Dependent Means
Assumptions
T-test for Dependent Means
Decision Rule
T-test for Dependent Means
Computational Formula
T-test for Dependent Means
Computational Formula
T-test for Dependent Means
Example
T-test for Dependent Means
Using Excel
T-test for Dependent Means
Using Excel
T-test for Dependent Means
Using Excel
T-test for Dependent Means
Using Excel
T-test for Dependent Means
Using Excel
T-test for Dependent Means
Using Excel
T-test for Dependent Means
Using Excel
T-test for Dependent Means
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Design
The t-test for independent means requires that
there is no overlap between the two groups in the
research design. This is what we mean by
"independent means". In this design, we collect
data from two separate samples. We only use the t-
test for independent means when we are studying
two groups. In this test, we compare the observed
difference between the two sample means (M1 -
M2) to the expectation that there is no difference in
the population (m1 - m2 = 0).
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Assumptions
Scores in the populations are normally
distributed
Standard deviation was drawn from the samples
Number of observations (n1+n2) is less than 30
Two sets of independent sample observations
Degree of freedom (v) is observed where
Equality of variance
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Decision Rule
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Computational Formula
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Example
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Design
Similar to that of Test for independent mean
(equal variance is assumed)
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Assumptions
Scores in the populations are normally
distributed
Standard deviation was drawn from the samples
Number of observations (n1+n2) is less than 30
Two sets of independent sample observations
Degree of freedom (v) is observed where
Inequality of variance
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Decision Rule
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Computational Formula
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Example
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Design
One Way ANOVA is used to test several means
(several here means more than 2 sets of means)
One Way ANOVA
Assumptions
Decision Rule
One Way ANOVA
Computational Formula
One Way ANOVA
Example
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
Chi Square Test
Design
Any statistical test that uses the chi square
distribution can be called chi square test. Chi-
square test is conducted a statistical test to
investigate difference, and it is denoted by χ2. The
chi-square test measures the difference between a
statistically generated expected result and an actual
result to see if there is a statistically significant
difference between them. It measure the goodness
of fit between an expected and an actual result.
Chi Square Test
Assumptions
Two Categorical variables are considered in
one population
Population distribution is not normal
Chi Square Test
Decision Rule
Chi Square Test
Computational Formula
Chi Square Test
Example
Chi Square Test
Example
Chi Square Test
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Design
The Pearson product-moment correlation
coefficient (or Pearson correlation coefficient, for
short) is a measure of the strength of a linear
association between two variables and is denoted
by r. Basically, a Pearson product-moment
correlation attempts to draw a line of best fit
through the data of two variables, and the Pearson
correlation coefficient, r, indicates how far away all
these data points are to this line of best fit (how
well the data points fit this new model/line of best
fit).
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Assumptions
The variables must be either interval or ratio
measurements
The variables must be approximately normally
distributed
There is a linear relationship between the two
variables.
Outliers are either kept to a minimum or are
removed entirely.
There is homoscedasticity of the data.
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Interpretation of r
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Computational Formula
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Coefficient of Determination
The coefficient of determination, with respect to
correlation, is the proportion of the variance
that is shared by both variables. It gives a
measure of the amount of variation that can be
explained by the model
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Significance of the relationship
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