DR.

SABITA CHAINE
Department of Electrical Engineering,
College of Engineering and Technology
Bhubaneswar, India
OUTLINES :
 Introduction
 Automatic Generation Control(AGC)
 Functions Of Automatic Generation Control
 Superconducting magnetic energy storage device(SMES)
 Thyristor controlled phase shifter (TCPS)
 Dynamic study of two area reheat thermal system with
(a) PI controller
(b) PI with SMES
(c) PI with TCPS
 Dynamic response hydrothermal system with
(a)PI controller
 Analysis of result
 Conclusion
 References
INTRODUCTION :

 The successful operation of interconnected power

system requires matching of total generation with the
total load demand .
 As the load demand deviates so system may
experience deviation in frequency and deviation in tie-
line power which is an important issue.
FUNCTIONS OF AGC :
 To restore frequency to its nominal (50 Hz ) value.

 To maintain tie line interchange about scheduled

values.

 To ensure that each area absorbs its own load changes.

AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL:

Schematic diagram of AGC system

 DYNAMIC RESPONSE STUDY OF A
SINGLE THERMAL PLANT

H : Inertia constant
D : % change in load for 1% change in freq.
TWO AREA REHEAT THERMAL SYSTEM
(a) WITH PI CONTROLLER

Tr : Re-heater time constant B : Freq. bias

Kr : Re-heater co-efficient T12 : Synchronising co-efficient
Tg : Governer time constant Ki : Gain of PI controller Tt:Turbine time constant
R : Speed regulation Kp : Alternator gain = 1/D
Tp : Alternator time constant = 2H/D
SIMULINK MODEL
IMPROVEMENT OF THE DYNAMIC
RESPONSE WITH SMES
THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SMES
UNIT CONFIGURATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMES UNIT

∆Ed is the incremental change in converter voltage,

TDC is the converter time delay,
KSMES is the gain of the control loop,
Error1 is the input signal to the SMES control logic,
∆Id the inductor current deviation ,
∆Psm is the SMES power,
BLOCK DIAGRAM
(b)WITH PI CONTROLLER WITH SMES
SIMULINK MODEL
IMPROVEMENT OF THE
DYNAMIC RESPONSE TCPS
BLOCK DIAGRAM
(c)WITH PI CONTROLLER WITH TCPS
SIMULINK MODEL
FREQENCY DEVIATION IN AREA1
0.1
with PI
with PI+TCPS
Freq. deviation in area1(pu)

0.05 with PI+SMES

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (Sec.)
FREQENCY DEVIATION IN AREA2
TIE-LINE POWER DEVIATION
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
 Three principle element of fuzzy logic controller are
1: Fuzzification module (Fuzzifier)
2:Rule base and Inference engine
3:Defuzzification module (Defuzzifier)
SIMULINK MODEL
(d)WITH FLC
(e)WITH FLC WITH SMES
(f)WITH FLC WITH TCPS
FREQUENCY DEVIATION IN AREA1

0
Freq. deviation in area1(pu)

-0.01

-0.02
with FLC
-0.03 with FLC+TCPS
with FLC+SMES
-0.04

-0.05

-0.06

-0.07

-0.08
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time(Sec.)
FREQUENCY DEVIATION IN AREA2
0.02

0
Freq. deviation in area2(pu)

-0.02 with FLC

with FLC+TCPS
-0.04 with FLC+SMES

-0.06

-0.08

-0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time(Sec.)
TIE-LINE POWER DEVIATION
0.3
with FLC
0.25 with FLC+TCPS
Tie-line power deviation(pu)

with FLC+SMES
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

-0.05
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time(Sec.)
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TWO
AREA HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
SIMULINK MODEL
(a)WITH PI
(b)WITH FLC
FREQUENCY DEVIATION IN AREA1
2

0
Freq. deviation in area1(pu)

with PI
-2 with FLC

-4

-6

-8

-10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time(Sec.)
FREQUENCY DEVIATION IN AREA2
2

0
Freq. deviation in area2(pu)

with PI
-2 with FLC

-4

-6

-8

-10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time(Sec.)
TIE-LINE POWER DEVIATION
1
with PI
0.8 with FLC
Tie-line power deviation(pu)

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time(Sec.)
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS:
(A)REHEAT THERMAL SYSTEM WITH PI CONTROLLER
Del(F1) Del(F2) Del(P tie)
CONTROL Mp(p u) Ts(sec.) Mp(p u) Ts(sec.) Mp(p u) Ts(sec.)
LERS

PI -0.11, 0.09 45 -0.14,0.13 45 -0.6,0.3 50

PI(with -0.1, 0.04 27 -0.13, 0.07 27 -0.28,0.06 50

TCPS)
PI (with -0.075, 27 -0.087, 27 -0.008, 40
SMES) 0.014 0.014 0.073

(B)With FLC Del(F1) Del(F2) Del(P tie)

CONTROL Mp(p u) Ts(sec.) Mp(p u) Ts(sec.) Mp(p u) Ts(sec.)
LERS
FLC -0.075, 0 27 -0.1, 0 27 0, 0.22 60
-0.07, 0 21 -0.095, 0 28 0, 0.07 60
FLC(with
TCPS)
FLC(with -0.055, 0 24 -0.09, 0 24 0, 0.07 25
SMES)
(C)HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM WITH PI AND FUZZY
CONTROLLER
Del(F1) Del(F2) Del(P tie)

CONTRO Mp(p u) Ts(sec.) Mp(p u) Ts(sec.) Mp(p u) Ts(sec.)

LLERS

-6.5, 0 150 -6.5, 0 150 -0.2,0.8 250

PI

FLC -4.4, 1 27 -6, 1 25 -0.3, 0.7 25

CONCLUSION :
 PI controller gives good dynamic response with zero
deviation in freq. and tie-line power at steady .
 With the use of FUZZY controller response improves
with quite lesser overshoot and settling time as
compared to PI controller.
 When we considered TCPS and SMES with the above
described controllers, SMES gives the better results.
REFERENCES :
 [1].O. l. Elgerd, Electric energy Systems Theory – An Introduction, McGraw Hill Co., 2001.
 [2]. J.Lee, “On methods for improving performance of PI-type fuzzy logic controllers”,
IEEE Trans. On Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 298, Nov. 1993.
 [3].John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Jr. ,”Power System Analysis-McGraw Hill Co.,
Sixteenth Edison”, 2003.
 [4]. Higorani, N.G., and Gyugyi, L., “Understanding FACTS: concepts and technology of
flexible ac transmission systems”, IEEE Press, New Jersey, 1999.
 [5]. C. Concordia and L. K. Kirchmayer, “Tie-line power & frequency control of electric
power system: Part II,” AISE Trans, III-A, vol. 73, pp. 133-146, Apr. 1954.
 [6] Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis- McGraw Hill Co., Twentieth Edison”, 2002.
 [7] N. Jaleeli, L. VanSlyck, D. Ewart, L. Fink, and A. Hoffmann, “Understanding
automatic generation control”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 1106-1122, Aug.
1992.
 [8]Bjorn H.Bakken and OvesGrande, “Automatic generation control in a deregulated
environment”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.13, no.4, ,pp. 1401-1406, Nov1998.
 [9]Banerjee S, Chatterjee JK, Tripathy SC. Application of magnetic energy storage unit as
continuous var controller. IEEE Trans Energy Conver 1990.
 [10]Sheikh, M.R.I.; Muyeen, S.M.; Takahashi, R.; Murata, T. & Tamura, J.
Improvement Of Load Frequency Control with Fuzzy Gain Scheduled Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage Unit. (2008).
A